Chapter 25 Section Qing Dynasty 1644 1911 Emperor

Chapter 25, Section Qing Dynasty 清朝 (1644 -1911) Emperor Shun Zhi the 1 st Emperor of Qing Dynasty after Mancus conquered China “Henry” Pu Yi Last Emperor of China and Qing Dynasty

Chapter 25, Section 5 China and the New Imperialism • What trade rights did westerners seek in China? And how did they go about getting them? • What internal problems did Chinese reformers try to resolve? • How did the Qing dynasty come to an end?

Chapter 25, Section Emperor Qianlong 1736 -1795 Empress Dowager Cixi 1835 -1908

Chapter 25, Section “As Your Ambassador can see for himself we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange and ingenious and have no use for your country’s manufactures. ” - Emperor Qianlong to Lord George Macartney 1792 (on a British mission for trade and commerce with China)

Chapter 25, Section “Therefore, the new regulations, in regard to those barbarians who bring opium to China the penalty is fixed at decapitation or strangulation”

Chapter 25, Section The Opium Wars 1839 -1842 1856 -1860

Chapter 25, Section 5 The Trade Issue Prior to the 1800 s, Chinese rulers placed strict limits on foreign traders. China enjoyed a trade surplus, exporting more than it imported. Westerners had a trade deficit with China, buying more from the Chinese than they sold to them. In 1842, Britain made China accept the Treaty of Nanjing, the first in a series of “unequal treaties” that forced China to make concessions to western powers. China paid a huge indemnity to Britain. The British gained the island of Hong Kong. China had to open five ports to foreign trade and grant British citizens in China extraterritoriality.

Chapter 25, Section 1899 French magazine

Chapter 25, Section Unequal Treaties 1. Reimburse Britain for costs incurred fighting the Chinese 2. Open several ports to British trade 3. Provide Britain with complete control of Hong Kong 4. Grant extraterritoriality to British citizens living in China

Chapter 25, Section 5 Internal Problems By the 1800 s, the Qing dynasty was in decline. • • • Irrigation systems and canals were poorly maintained, leading to massive flooding of the Huang He valley. The population explosion that had begun a century earlier created a terrible hardship for China’s peasants. An extravagant court, tax evasion by the rich, and widespread official corruption added to the peasants’ burden. The civil service system was rocked by bribery scandals. Between 1850 and 1864, peasants took part in the Taiping Rebellion, the most devastating revolt in history.

Chapter 25, Section • What were the causes of the Opium War? • What were the results?

The Taiping Rebellion 1850 -1865 Chapter 25, Section Hong Xiuquan

Chapter 25, Section 5 Reform Efforts In the 1860 s, reformers launched the “self-strengthening movement” in an effort to westernize and modernize China. The movement made limited progress because the government did not rally behind it. After China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War, Emperor Guang Xu launched the Hundred Days of Reform. Conservatives soon rallied against the reform effort and the emperor was imprisoned.

Chapter 25, Section 5 Imperialism in China to 1914

Chapter 25, Section

Chapter 25, Section 5 Fall of the Qing Dynasty As the century ended, anger grew against foreigners in China. In the Boxer Rebellion, angry Chinese attacked foreigners across China. In response, western powers and Japan crushed the Boxers. Defeat at the hands of foreigners led China to embark on a rush of reforms. Chinese nationalists called for a constitutional monarchy or a republic. When Empress Ci Xi died in 1908, China slipped into chaos. In 1911, the Qing dynasty was toppled. Sun Yixian was named president of the new Chinese republic. Sun wanted to rebuild China on “Three Principles of the People”: nationalism, democracy, and economic security for all Chinese.

Chapter 25, Section

Chapter 25, Section 5 Assessment Which of the following is not true of Chinese trade relations with the West? a) Before the 1800 s, China enjoyed a trade surplus. b) Before the 1800 s, China had a trade deficit with the West. c) In 1842, China was forced to open up five ports to foreign trade. d) Before the 1800 s, China strictly limited foreign trade. What happened in the Boxer Rebellion? a) Angry Chinese attacked foreigners in China. b) The Chinese started a war with Japan. c) Western imperialists attacked Chinese peasants. d) Chinese peasants rose up against the government. Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

Chapter 25, Section 5 Assessment Which of the following is not true of Chinese trade relations with the West? a) Before the 1800 s, China enjoyed a trade surplus. b) Before the 1800 s, China had a trade deficit with the West. c) In 1842, China was forced to open up five ports to foreign trade. d) Before the 1800 s, China strictly limited foreign trade. What happened in the Boxer Rebellion? a) Angry Chinese attacked foreigners in China. b) The Chinese started a war with Japan. c) Western imperialists attacked Chinese peasants. d) Chinese peasants rose up against the government. Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

Chapter 25, Section Revolution of 1911

Chapter 25, Section Overthrow of Manchu Dynasty (1644 -191 § 1911 Manchu Dynasty §Sun Yat-sen becomes president §Hopes to establish govt. based on the three principles of the people 1. Nationalism 2. Democracy 3. People’s Livelihood Sun Yat-sen (1866 -1925)

Chapter 25, Section Era of the Warlords (19161926) §Local concentrations of power emerge §military leaders & local gentry take control of the provinces §Warlord armies terrorize the countrys §Millions of peasants die of famine & disease. §Peasants’ desire for land went unresolved; landless grew

Chapter 25, Section Warlords (1913 -28)

Chapter 25, Section World War I--Asia Japan: • Seeking a foothold in China • 1917 -China aides allies vs. Germany • 1919 Treaty of Versailles: • Japan gains territory & privileges previously belonging to Germany in China. • Result: May Fourth Movement

Chapter 25, Section Treaty of Versailles (1919) • All German privileges in China’s Shandong Peninsula were “transferred” to Japan

Chapter 25, Section May Fourth Movement: May 4, 1919 §students protest in Peking. §slogan: ‘Down with the Imperialists’ §becomes a nationalist movement: 1. Spreads to other cities 2. Nationalism & anti-imperialist sentiment grow.

Chapter 25, Section May Fourth Movement: May 4, 1919 Outcome: §Create broad based coalition. §Force release of imprisoned students §dismissal of Japanese officials from govt. §reformers turn against Sun Yat-sen’s belief in western democracy.

Chapter 25, Section New political parties • Nationalist Party (GMD) was established – Sun Yat-Sen died in 1925 – Chiang Kai-Shek was the military leader • Communist Party was established in 1921 – Mao Ze. Dong was one of its founding members

Chapter 25, Section Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek Chairman Mao Zedong

Chapter 25, Section Why is 1911 a significant year for China? Who was Dr. Sun Yat-sen? Why/how did the May 4 th (1919) Movement begin? Who was the leader of KMT/GMD or Nationalist Party? Who was the leader of the Communist Party? Who do you think won the Civil War?