Chapter 25 Section D Philosophers of Industrialization The

Chapter 25 Section D Philosophers of Industrialization

The Philosophers of Industrialization Laissez-Faire Economics • Adam Smith wrote Wealth of Nations and argued that government should not interfere with economy

The Philosophers of Industrialization • Thomas Malthus wrote, An Essay on the Principles of Population and argued that population grew faster than the food supply

The Philosophers of Industrialization • David Ricardo wrote, Principles of Political Economy and Taxation and believed that a permanent underclass would always be poor

The Philosophers of Industrialization Rise of Socialism • Utilitarianism 1. Jeremy Bentham argued that people should judge ideas, institutions and actions on the basis of their utility and usefulness 2. Bentham argued that the government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people

The Philosophers of Industrialization 3. John Stuart Mill wished to help ordinary working people with policies that would lead to a more equal division of profits 4. Mill favored a cooperative system of agriculture and women’s rights, including the right to vote

The Philosophers of Industrialization • Utopian Ideas 1. Robert Owen set-up an entire village near his factory in New Lanark, Scotland 2. Owens community in New Harmony, Indiana influenced other communities

The Philosophers of Industrialization • Socialism and Marxism 1. Charles Fourier Saint-Simon sought to offset the effects of industrialization with a new idea of an economic system called Socialism 2. Factors of Production (in Socialism) are owned by the public and operated for the welfare of all

The Philosophers of Industrialization 3. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote a pamphlet entitled, The Communist Manifesto

The Philosophers of Industrialization 4. Marx and Engels argued that human societies have always divided into warring classes. They called for “workingmen of all countries, unite. ”

The Philosophers of Industrialization • The future According to Marx 1. Marx believed the capitalist system would destroy itself 2. Marx called for everything to be owned by the people and Private Property to cease to exist

The Philosophers of Industrialization Unionization and Legislative Reform • The Union Movement 1. Unions spoke for all workers in a particular trade 2. Collective Bargaining – Negotiations between workers and their employers 3. Strikes – Refusal to work 4. Unions shared goals: raising wages and improving working conditions

The Philosophers of Industrialization • Reform Laws 1. Factory Act of 1833 – Made it illegal to hire children under 9 years of age (G. B. ) 2. The Mines Act of 1842 – Prevented women and children from working underground (G. B. )

The Philosophers of Industrialization 1. The Ten Hours Act of 1847 – Limited the work day for women and children to 10 hours (G. B. ) 2. U. S. lags behind Great Britain and does not begin limiting child labor until 1919 and then leaves it up to each state

The Philosophers of Industrialization Other Reform Movements • Abolition of Slavery 1. William Wilberforce – Led the fight to end slavery in Great Britain 2. Britain abolished slavery in 1833

The Philosophers of Industrialization • Women Fight for Change 1. International Council for Women (1888) – World Organization of Women that fought for women’s rights

The Philosophers of Industrialization 2. Jane Addams and Ellen Starr founded Hull House which aided the immigrant population of a Chicago neighborhoods and trained social workers

The Philosophers of Industrialization • Reforms Spread to Many Areas of Life 1. Horace Mann favored free education for all children

The Philosophers of Industrialization 2. French writer Alexis de Tocqueville draws attention to the United States prison conditions in 1831

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