Chapter 25 Metabolism and Energetics Cycles and Transport

Chapter 25 – Metabolism and Energetics Cycles and Transport Mechanisms Protein Metabolism Lipid Metabolism Metabolic Interactions and Nutrition Leftovers $100 $100 $200 $200 $300 $300 $400 $400 $500 $500 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. FINAL ROUND

Topic 1: Cycles and Transport Mechanisms $100 Question What is the primary role of the citric acid cycle in the production of ATP? a. b. c. d. break down glucose create hydrogen gradient phosphorylate ADP transfer electrons from substrates to coenzymes ANSWER © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 1: Cycles and Transport Mechanisms $100 Answer What is the primary role of the citric acid cycle in the production of ATP? a. b. c. d. break down glucose create hydrogen gradient phosphorylate ADP transfer electrons from substrates to coenzymes © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 1: Cycles and Transport Mechanisms $200 Question What is the electron transport system’s role in the generation of ATP? a. It creates a hydrogen ion gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. b. It manufactures 36 ATP. c. It facilitates formation of coenzymes. d. It prevents substrate-level ANSWER phosphorylation. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 1: Cycles and Transport Mechanisms $200 Answer What is the electron transport system’s role in the generation of ATP? a. It creates a hydrogen ion gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. b. It manufactures 36 ATP. c. It facilitates formation of coenzymes. d. It prevents substrate-level phosphorylation. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 1: Cycles and Transport Mechanisms $300 Question How does a decrease in the level of cytoplasmic NAD affect ATP production in mitochondria? a. b. c. d. ATP production increases. ATP production decreases. Pyruvic acid supplies increase. Unused glucose molecules allow for production of ATP through other mechanisms. ANSWER © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 1: Cycles and Transport Mechanisms $300 Answer How does a decrease in the level of cytoplasmic NAD affect ATP production in mitochondria? a. b. c. d. ATP production increases. ATP production decreases. Pyruvic acid supplies increase. Unused glucose molecules allow for production of ATP through other mechanisms. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 1: Cycles and Transport Mechanisms $400 Question NADH produced by glycolysis in skeletal muscle fibers leads to production of two ATP molecules in mitochondria, but NADH produced by glycolysis in cardiac muscle cells leads to production of three ATP molecules. Why? a. b. c. d. different systems different p. H different intermediaries more efficient enzymes in cardiac muscle © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. ANSWER BACK TO GAME

Topic 1: Cycles and Transport Mechanisms $400 Answer NADH produced by glycolysis in skeletal muscle fibers leads to production of two ATP molecules in mitochondria, but NADH produced by glycolysis in cardiac muscle cells leads to production of three ATP molecules. Why? a. b. c. d. different systems different p. H different intermediaries more efficient enzymes in cardiac muscle © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 1: Cycles and Transport Mechanisms $500 Question Why is oxidative phosphorylation the most important mechanism for generating ATP? a. It requires less energy than other mechanisms. b. It requires fewer steps to produce ATP molecules. c. It produces more than 90 percent of ATP used by body cells. d. It allows the release of a ANSWER tremendous amount of energy. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 1: Cycles and Transport Mechanisms $500 Answer Why is oxidative phosphorylation the most important mechanism for generating ATP? a. It requires less energy than other mechanisms. b. It requires fewer steps to produce ATP molecules. c. It produces more than 90 percent of ATP used by body cells. d. It allows the release of a tremendous amount of energy. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 2: Protein Metabolism $100 Question What contributes to the increased amount of urea in blood during the postabsorptive state? a. b. c. d. protein digestion lipolysis glycogenesis ANSWER © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 2: Protein Metabolism $100 Answer What contributes to the increased amount of urea in blood during the postabsorptive state? a. b. c. d. protein digestion lipolysis glycogenesis © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 2: Protein Metabolism $200 Question What consequence(s) is (are) the result of a dietary deficiency of one or more essential amino acids? a. Protein deficiency disease occurs. b. The body produces the missing amino acids by amination. c. Protein synthesis accelerates. ANSWER d. Both A and C are correct. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 2: Protein Metabolism $200 Answer What consequence(s) is (are) the result of a dietary deficiency of one or more essential amino acids? a. Protein deficiency disease occurs. b. The body produces the missing amino acids by amination. c. Protein synthesis accelerates. d. Both A and C are correct. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 2: Protein Metabolism $300 Question Why are proteins an impractical source of quick energy, a “last ditch” source of energy? a. Proteins are more difficult to break apart than are carbohydrates or lipids. b. NH 4, a by-product of protein catabolism, is toxic. c. Protein catabolism leads to acidosis ANSWER d. All of the above are correct. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 2: Protein Metabolism $300 Answer Why are proteins an impractical source of quick energy, a “last ditch” source of energy? a. Proteins are more difficult to break apart than are carbohydrates or lipids. b. NH 4, a by-product of protein catabolism, is toxic. c. Protein catabolism leads to acidosis d. All of the above are correct. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 2: Protein Metabolism $400 Question Why do athletes in intensive training try to maintain a positive nitrogen balance? a. They must excrete more N than they take in. b. They must keep the amount of N absorbed in balance with what is lost in urine and feces. c. They actively synthesize N compounds, so must absorb more than they secrete. ANSWER d. None of the above are correct. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 2: Protein Metabolism $400 Answer Why do athletes in intensive training try to maintain a positive nitrogen balance? a. They must excrete more N than they take in. b. They must keep the amount of N absorbed in balance with what is lost in urine and feces. c. They actively synthesize N compounds, so must absorb more than they secrete. d. None of the above are correct. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 2: Protein Metabolism $500 Question Why does a diet that is deficient in pyridoxine (vitamin B 6) affect protein metabolism? a. B 6 deficiency sets up a cascade of events leading to premature breakdown of lipases. b. The first step in amino acid catabolism requires a coenzyme derivative of B 6. c. B 6 deficiency is critical to later steps of amino acid catabolism. d. Pyridoxine is not involved in protein ANSWER metabolism. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 2: Protein Metabolism $500 Answer Why does a diet that is deficient in pyridoxine (vitamin B 6) affect protein metabolism? a. B 6 deficiency sets up a cascade of events leading to premature breakdown of lipases. b. The first step in amino acid catabolism requires a coenzyme derivative of B 6. c. B 6 deficiency is critical to later steps of amino acid catabolism. d. Pyridoxine is not involved in protein metabolism. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 3: Lipid Metabolism $100 Question Why are high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) considered beneficial? a. b. c. d. They increase lipid metabolism. They decrease blood pressure. They increase blood p. H. They reduce fat and cholesterol in the bloodstream. ANSWER © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 3: Lipid Metabolism $100 Answer Why are high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) considered beneficial? a. b. c. d. They increase lipid metabolism. They decrease blood pressure. They increase blood p. H. They reduce fat and cholesterol in the bloodstream. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 3: Lipid Metabolism $200 Question Why is catabolism of dietary carbohydrates and proteins considered “not as productive” as catabolism of lipids? a. In lipids, many carbon and hydrogen atoms are already bound to oxygen. b. Digestion of dietary protein creates toxins. c. Lipids release almost twice the energy of proteins or carbohydrates. d. Carbohydrates and proteins have fewer health benefits than lipids. ANSWER © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 3: Lipid Metabolism $200 Answer Why is catabolism of dietary carbohydrates and proteins considered “not as productive” as catabolism of lipids? a. In lipids, many carbon and hydrogen atoms are already bound to oxygen. b. Digestion of dietary protein creates toxins. c. Lipids release almost twice the energy of proteins or carbohydrates. d. Carbohydrates and proteins have fewer health benefits than lipids. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 3: Lipid Metabolism $300 Question Why are LDLs considered “bad cholesterol”? a. They take cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. b. They deliver emulsified fats to enterocytes. c. They often end up in arterial plaques. d. Both B and C are correct. ANSWER © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 3: Lipid Metabolism $300 Answer Why are LDLs considered “bad cholesterol”? a. They take cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. b. They deliver emulsified fats to enterocytes. c. They often end up in arterial plaques. d. Both B and C are correct. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 3: Lipid Metabolism $400 Question Why does hypervitaminosis more commonly involve fat-soluble vitamins? a. Water-soluble vitamins rapidly degenerate into their component parts. b. Excess fat-soluble vitamins are stored in adipose tissue. c. Fat-soluble vitamins participate in more important reactions than do water-soluble vitamins. ANSWER d. All of the above are correct. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 3: Lipid Metabolism $400 Answer Why does hypervitaminosis more commonly involve fat-soluble vitamins? a. Water-soluble vitamins rapidly degenerate into their component parts. b. Excess fat-soluble vitamins are stored in adipose tissue. c. Fat-soluble vitamins participate in more important reactions than do water-soluble vitamins. d. All of the above are correct. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 3: Lipid Metabolism $500 Question What characteristic of lipoproteins allows them to be made water-soluble? a. They are small enough to pass through the plasma membrane. b. They have a superficial coating of phospholipids and proteins. c. They form compact granules. d. They provide more energy than a ANSWER comparable amount of glucose. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 3: Lipid Metabolism $500 Answer What characteristic of lipoproteins allows them to be made water-soluble? a. They are small enough to pass through the plasma membrane. b. They have a superficial coating of phospholipids and proteins. c. They form compact granules. d. They provide more energy than a comparable amount of glucose. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 4: Metabolic Interactions and Nutrition $100 Question Which of the following vitamins can be synthesized inside the body? a. b. c. d. vitamins D and K vitamins B 12 and C vitamins A and E vitamins B 6 and C ANSWER © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 4: Metabolic Interactions and Nutrition $100 Answer Which of the following vitamins can be synthesized inside the body? a. b. c. d. vitamins D and K vitamins B 12 and C vitamins A and E vitamins B 6 and C © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 4: Metabolic Interactions and Nutrition $200 Question How would a decrease in the amount of bile salts in the bile affect the amount of vitamin A in the body? a. It would increase vitamin A. b. It would decrease vitamin A. c. It would have no effect, since the two are not related. ANSWER d. It depends on the absorptive state. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 4: Metabolic Interactions and Nutrition $200 Answer How would a decrease in the amount of bile salts in the bile affect the amount of vitamin A in the body? a. It would increase vitamin A. b. It would decrease vitamin A. c. It would have no effect, since the two are not related. d. It depends on the absorptive state. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 4: Metabolic Interactions and Nutrition $300 Question How would the BMR of a pregnant woman compare with her own BMR before she became pregnant? a. b. c. d. higher when pregnant lower when pregnant no difference during pregnancy depends on her pre-pregnancy weight ANSWER © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 4: Metabolic Interactions and Nutrition $300 Answer How would the BMR of a pregnant woman compare with her own BMR before she became pregnant? a. b. c. d. higher when pregnant lower when pregnant no difference during pregnancy depends on her pre-pregnancy weight © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 4: Metabolic Interactions and Nutrition $400 Question What effect does vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels have on an individual’s body temperature on a hot day? a. b. c. d. an increase in body temperature a decrease in body temperature no difference depends on the individual’s hydration level ANSWER © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 4: Metabolic Interactions and Nutrition $400 Answer What effect does vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels have on an individual’s body temperature on a hot day? a. b. c. d. an increase in body temperature a decrease in body temperature no difference depends on the individual’s hydration level © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 4: Metabolic Interactions and Nutrition $500 Question In cold conditions, how does blood flow change to restrict heat loss? a. Blood is diverted to the skin to decrease surfaceto-volume ratio. b. Heat transfer from warm blood in arteries warms cooler venous blood. c. Blood flows through the superficial venous network. d. Vasomotor centers are inhibited and ANSWER respiration increases in depth. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 4: Metabolic Interactions and Nutrition $500 Answer In cold conditions, how does blood flow change to restrict heat loss? a. Blood is diverted to the skin to decrease surfaceto-volume ratio. b. Heat transfer from warm blood in arteries warms cooler venous blood. c. Blood flows through the superficial venous network. d. Vasomotor centers are inhibited and respiration increases in depth. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 5: Leftovers $100 Question Which of the following is a TRUE statement? a. Gluconeogenesis is the reverse biochemical process of glycolysis. b. Glycogenesis will facilitate the storage of glucose as glycogen in cells. c. Gluconeogenesis uses amino acids and lactate ions to produce glycogen. ANSWER d. Both A and B are true. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 5: Leftovers $100 Answer Which of the following is a TRUE statement? a. Gluconeogenesis is the reverse biochemical process of glycolysis. b. Glycogenesis will facilitate the storage of glucose as glycogen in cells. c. Gluconeogenesis uses amino acids and lactate ions to produce glycogen. d. Both A and B are true. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 5: Leftovers $200 Question What is NOT true with regard to glycolysis? a. It is an anaerobic process that occurs in the cytoplasm. b. The first step of glycolysis phosphorylates glucose and traps it in the cell. c. The breakdown of glucose can lead to lactic acid accumulation. d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 5: Leftovers $200 Answer What is NOT true with regard to glycolysis? a. It is an anaerobic process that occurs in the cytoplasm. b. The first step of glycolysis phosphorylates glucose and traps it in the cell. c. The breakdown of glucose can lead to lactic acid accumulation. d. All of the above are correct. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 5: Leftovers $300 Question What process in the liver increases after you have eaten a high-carbohydrate meal? a. b. c. d. glycolysis glycogenesis lipolysis beta-oxidation ANSWER © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 5: Leftovers $300 Answer What process in the liver increases after you have eaten a high-carbohydrate meal? a. b. c. d. glycolysis glycogenesis lipolysis beta-oxidation © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 5: Leftovers $400 Question In infants, the highly vascularized tissue between the shoulder blades is referred to as ______ fat and contains adipocytes that have many ______. a. b. c. d. brown; nuclei brown; mitochondria tan; nuclei tan; mitochondria ANSWER © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 5: Leftovers $400 Answer In infants, the highly vascularized tissue between the shoulder blades is referred to as ______ fat and contains adipocytes that have many ______. a. b. c. d. brown; nuclei brown; mitochondria tan; nuclei tan; mitochondria © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 5: Leftovers $500 Question In training for competitive sports, what might increase athletic performance? a. increased carbohydrates in the diet three days prior to an event b. increased protein in the diet three days prior to the event c. carbohydrate depletion/loading three days prior to the event ANSWER d. none of the above © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

Topic 5: Leftovers $500 Answer In training for competitive sports, what might increase athletic performance? a. increased carbohydrates in the diet three days prior to an event b. increased protein in the diet three days prior to the event c. carbohydrate depletion/loading three days prior to the event d. none of the above © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

FINAL ROUND Question What happens during the process of transamination? a. An amino group and hydrogen atom are removed. b. The toxic compound ammonium (NH 4) is created. c. A keto acid is converted into an amino acid that can leave the mitochondria. d. The liver breaks down internal proteins. ANSWER © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME

FINAL ROUND Answer What happens during the process of transamination? a. An amino group and hydrogen atom are removed. b. The toxic compound ammonium (NH 4) is created. c. A keto acid is converted into an amino acid that can leave the mitochondria. d. The liver breaks down internal proteins. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. BACK TO GAME