Chapter 25 Challenges and Extensions ServiceOriented Computing Semantics

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Chapter 25: Challenges and Extensions Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents – Munindar P. Singh

Chapter 25: Challenges and Extensions Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents – Munindar P. Singh and Michael N. Huhns, Wiley, 2005

Highlights of this Chapter n n n Chapter 25 Trust Ethics Coherence Benevolence Managing

Highlights of this Chapter n n n Chapter 25 Trust Ethics Coherence Benevolence Managing Privacy Key Challenges and Recommendations Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns 2

When Would you Trust a Service? n n n Has the right capabilities Understands

When Would you Trust a Service? n n n Has the right capabilities Understands your needs Follows legal contracts where specified Supports its organization or society Follows an ethics Behaves rationally Chapter 25 Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns 3

Ethical Abstractions n n n Chapter 25 Deontological ethics Teleological ethics Consequentialism Duties Obligations

Ethical Abstractions n n n Chapter 25 Deontological ethics Teleological ethics Consequentialism Duties Obligations Applying ethics Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns 4

Motivation Specifying agents who would act appropriately n Distinguishing right from wrong n Relates

Motivation Specifying agents who would act appropriately n Distinguishing right from wrong n Relates to legal, social, economic considerations Chapter 25 Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns 5

Right and Good n n Right: that which is right in itself Good: that

Right and Good n n Right: that which is right in itself Good: that which is good or valuable for someone or for some end Chapter 25 Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns 6

Deontological vs. Teleological n Deontological theories n Right trumps good n n n Being

Deontological vs. Teleological n Deontological theories n Right trumps good n n n Being good does not mean being right Ends do not justify means Teleological theories n Good trumps right n n Chapter 25 Something is right only if it maximizes the good Ends justify means Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns 7

Deontological Theories n Constraints n n Negatively formulated Narrowly framed n n Narrowly directed

Deontological Theories n Constraints n n Negatively formulated Narrowly framed n n Narrowly directed n n n Chapter 25 E. g. , lying is not-telling-the-truth At an agent’s specific action and its explicitly identified consequences Not at the action by other means Not at implicit, even known, consequences Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns 8

Deontological Double Effect Distinguish intentional effects from foreseen consequences n An action is not

Deontological Double Effect Distinguish intentional effects from foreseen consequences n An action is not wrong unless the agent explicitly intends for it to do wrong n n Chapter 25 Legitimizes inaction even when inaction has predictable (but unintended) effects Shut down bank ATM for diagnostics even if that might leave someone without cash Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns 9

Kant’s Categorical Imperative n Universalizability: Acceptable outcomes if everyone applies the same “maxim” n

Kant’s Categorical Imperative n Universalizability: Acceptable outcomes if everyone applies the same “maxim” n n n Chapter 25 False promising is unacceptable, because if everyone did so, society would not function Respect for others (no lying or coercion) so they can consent An agent “maxim” is uncertainly inferred from its actions Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns 10

Teleological Theories n Based on how actions satisfy various goals, not their intrinsic rightness

Teleological Theories n Based on how actions satisfy various goals, not their intrinsic rightness n n Chapter 25 Comparison-based Preference-based Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns 11

Consequentialism An agent should promote whatever values it adopts n Actions are instrumental in

Consequentialism An agent should promote whatever values it adopts n Actions are instrumental in the promotion n Honor the values only if doing so promotes them Chapter 25 Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns 12

Utilitarianism A moral action is one that is useful n Must be good for

Utilitarianism A moral action is one that is useful n Must be good for someone n Good may be interpreted as n n Chapter 25 Pleasure: hedonism Preference satisfaction: microeconomic rationalism (assumes each agent knows its preferences) Interest satisfaction: welfare utilitarianism Aesthetic ideals: ideal utilitarianism Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns 13

Prima Facie Duties n What agents need to decide actions are n n Not

Prima Facie Duties n What agents need to decide actions are n n Not just universal principles (each can be stretched) Not just consequences But also a regard for their promises and duties Agents have prima facie duties to help others, keep promises, repay kindness, . . . n n Chapter 25 No ranking among these Highly defeasible conclusions, e. g. , steal food to feed kids Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns 14

Obligations are n For deontological theories, those that are impermissible to omit n For

Obligations are n For deontological theories, those that are impermissible to omit n For teleological theories, those that most promote good n For contract-based theories, those that an agent accepts Chapter 25 Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns 15

Asimov’s Laws of Robotics 0. A robot may not injure humanity or, through inaction,

Asimov’s Laws of Robotics 0. A robot may not injure humanity or, through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm. [Added after the following more famous laws] 1. A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. 2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. 3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. Chapter 25 Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns 16

Applying Ethics: 1 The ethical theories are theories n n n Of justification Not

Applying Ethics: 1 The ethical theories are theories n n n Of justification Not of deliberation An agent can decide what basic “value system” to use under any approach Chapter 25 Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns 17

Applying Ethics: 2 n The deontological theories (“right”) n n Are narrower Ignore practical

Applying Ethics: 2 n The deontological theories (“right”) n n Are narrower Ignore practical considerations But are meant as incomplete constraints (out of all the right actions, the agent can choose any) The teleological theories (“good”) n n n Chapter 25 Are broader Include practical considerations But leave fewer options for the agent, who must always choose the best available alternative Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns 18

Applying Ethics: 3 n The ethical approaches n n n Are single-agent in orientation

Applying Ethics: 3 n The ethical approaches n n n Are single-agent in orientation Implicitly encode other agents An explicitly multiagent ethics would be an interesting topic for study Chapter 25 Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns 19

An Agent Should Act n Benevolently n n Rationally, i. e. , maximizing utility

An Agent Should Act n Benevolently n n Rationally, i. e. , maximizing utility n n Consistent with its model of itself Predictably n Chapter 25 Seeking the welfare of others Consistent with its model of others’ beliefs about it Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns 20

Benevolence: “A Mattress in the Road” Who will stop to pick it up? Chapter

Benevolence: “A Mattress in the Road” Who will stop to pick it up? Chapter 25 Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns 21

Example: Information Sharing n n Benevolent agents sharing information they have retrieved, filtered, and

Example: Information Sharing n n Benevolent agents sharing information they have retrieved, filtered, and refined Utilitarian variant: Access to shared information based on contributions to it Collective Store World Wide Web. . . Query Agents Chapter 25 Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns 22

Challenges and Recommendations Respect autonomy and heterogeneity n Design rules for ontologies, business transactions,

Challenges and Recommendations Respect autonomy and heterogeneity n Design rules for ontologies, business transactions, protocols, organizations, … n Security and trust: difficult given openness n Scalability n Quality of service: application-specific and incorporating user needs n User-centered requirements analysis and design Chapter 25 Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns 23

Chapter 25 Summary n n SOC is about building systems in open environments SOC

Chapter 25 Summary n n SOC is about building systems in open environments SOC systems rely upon trust among components and people n n Can ethics inspire abstractions for SOC? n n Chapter 25 Technical work on trust: in progress More responsive to human needs? Easier to govern? Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns 24

To Probe Further n Journals n n n IEEE Internet Computing, http: //computer. org/internet

To Probe Further n Journals n n n IEEE Internet Computing, http: //computer. org/internet Journal of Web Semantics IEEE Transactions on Services Computing DAI-List-Request@engr. sc. edu Conferences n n n n Chapter 25 Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems Business Process Managment Semantic Web Conference (ISWC) Service-Oriented Computing (ICSOC) Service Computing (SCC) Web Services (ICWS) World-Wide Web (WWW) Service-Oriented Computing: Semantics, Processes, Agents - Munindar Singh and Michael Huhns 25