Chapter 25 America Moves to the City 1865

Chapter 25 America Moves to the City 1865 - 1900 www. loc. gov/exhibits

The Rise of Urban America • 1900 80 million people • 40% of Americans living in the cities • Skyscraper and elevators • Economic and social opportunities • Entertainment and electricity • New opportunities for women Carson Pirie Scott department store on State Street in Chicago, designed by Louis Sullivan, 1899– 1904

Opportunities for Women • Social Work, secretaries, store clerks… • Working women were poor, young and unmarried • Worked in sweatshops • Domestic servants considered the bottom class – Usually foreign born or black

Class Distinction • New class of super wealthy – 1% owned 51% of wealth • Wealthy • Middle class - Salesmen to lawyers • Working class – 88% of the families own 14 % of wealth www. housemouse. net/print/dalehopkins 4 sm. jpg

“New Immigration” • 1880 – 1920 • Came from Southern and Eastern Europe • Most arrive through Ellis island • Lived and worked in large seaboard cities • Established schools, newspapers, parishes www. urm. edu/~jbartlet/nr 260/human/settlement. html

“New Immigrants” • America seen as the land of opportunity • Job opportunities • Religious persecution – Jews in Russia • Difficulties assimilating since they lived in slum • 20% went back to Europe www. geocities. com/cliffshack/oichrono. html

Chinese Immigrants • Not considered part of the new immigrants • Came to work in the gold fields and build the railroads • Arrive through Angel Island • 1873 Panic – call for restriction on Chinese immigration • Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 - 1943 www. harpweek. com/09 cartoon

Political Machines • Bosses often traded jobs and services for votes • Provided jobs, food, shelter • They offered valued services in an era when neither government (legal) nor business lent assistance www. harpweek. com/09 cartoon

Political Machines • Tammany Hall in NYC most infamous political machine • William Marcy Tweed • Pocketed as much as $200 million in kickbacks 1869 -71

Thomas Nast • Political Cartoonist who worked for Harper's Weekly Magazine • During the 1870 s Nast achieved national fame • Exposed the corruption of Tweed and Tammany Hall in New York City

Thomas Nast • Tweed, “I don’t care what the papers write about me- my constituents can’t read; but they see pictures!” • Tweed offered Nast $500, 000 to go to Europe to “study art”

Happy Birthday Keshet!

Boss Tweed • Tweed busted for 120 counts of fraud and extortion in 1871 • Sentenced to 12 years, escaped after 2, fled to Spain • Caught by Spanish officials who recognized him from Nast’s cartoons

Florence Kelley Settlement Houses Jane Addams Settlement House www. boisestate. edu/…/history/extras/kelly. html Alice Gannett www. associationhouse. org/2150 kids. jpg www. wrhs. org/library/template. asp? id=514

“Nativism” • Antiforeignism • Angry at immigrant willingness to work for "starvation" wages • Concerned at foreign doctrines e. g. socialism, communism & anarchism • American Protective Association (APA) formed in 1887 www. digitalscrapbookplace. com

Prohibition of Alcohol • Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) organized in 1874 • Led by Francis Willard • Put enormous pressure on states to abolish alcohol www. harpweek. com/09 cartoon

Prohibition of Alcohol • Carrie A. Nation used her hatchet to smash saloon bottles and bars • described herself as "a bulldog running along at the feet of Jesus, barking at what he doesn't like, " • Between 1900 and 1910 she was arrested some 30 times

Women’s fight for liberation and suffrage • Woman growing more independent in the urban environment • National American Women’s Suffrage Association (formed in 1890) www. harpweek. com/09 cartoon

Leading Suffragettes Susan B. Anthony • argued that women were different and, in some cases, better than men • Granting women the right to vote, would help purify political corruption in the United States

Leading Suffragettes Elizabeth Cady Stanton • argued that marriage, as it existed, was set up to gratify men and to disempower women.

Leading Suffragettes Lucy Stone • The American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) • It allowed men to join and rallied behind the Fifteenth Amendment as a step in the right direction toward greater civil rights for women.

Leading Suffragettes Lucretia Mott • active in the abolitionist movement • establish the American Equal Rights Association • remain active in the woman's rights movement into her seventies

3 Part Strategy for Suffrage 1. convince state legislatures to grant women suffrage 2. Court cases to test the 14 th Amendment • Women were citizens 3. Constitutional amendment • the 19 th Amendment was passed in 1919 – provided suffrage to women

Education • Public education continued to gain strength • Tax-supported elementary schools adopted on a nationwide basis before Civil War www. empirewire. com/images/galley. jpg

Higher education • By 1900, 25% of college graduates were women. • Morrill Act of 1862 granted public lands to states for support of education. – "Land-grant colleges" mostly became state universities www. harpweek. com/09 cartoon

Leave it to the “Press” www. harpweek. com/09 cartoon

Changing Literature Henry George “Progress and Poverty www. henrygeorge. org Walt Whitman www. ebookmail. com www. upload. wikimedia. org www. faculty. vassar. edu

www. cheekwood. org www. swarthmore. edu “Real” Art

James Whistler, Arrangement in Gray & Black

James Whistler, At the Piano, 1858 -59

John Singer Sargent, Madame. X (Madame Pierre Gautreau)

Mary Cassatt, The Child’s Bath, 1893

George Inness, Passing Clouds, 1876

Thomas Eakins, Dr. D. Hayes Agnew

Winslow Homer, Snap the Whip, 1872

Louis Sullivan, Wainwright Building, 1890 -91

Henry H. Richardson, Allegheny County Courthouse, 1885