Chapter 24 Global Links and Imperialism 1750 1900

Chapter 24 Global Links and Imperialism 1750 -1900 By the end of the 1800 s, Europe controlled more than 80% of the world’s surface!

Economic Motives • Primary motives: natural resources, new markets and cheap labor • Natural resources: (cash crops) cotton, copper, rubber, tea, sugar, palm oil and coffee • New Markets: sale of manufactured goods • Labor: used cheap labor for large scale projects – railroads or telegraph lines

Economic Motives Agriculture • Colonies were turned into export economies – goods were created to be • • exported to colonial powers Colonized nation was forced to produce only cash crop and not other agricultural products Monocultures: (specially in Africa) land fertility declined India: British mass production put cotton textile artisans out of work and they were left only the production of only raw cotton (factory finished products sold back to Indian markets at inflated prices China: Opium Wars

Economic Motives Railways & Labor • Transportation systems: outward focused, not for internal transportation • India and Africa: all start at the center and lead to the coast (transport of raw materials) • Indentured laborers: from India, China and Japan (China Towns) • Australia: Penal colony by Great Britain in late 1700 s (convicts from England, Scotland, Ireland, India and other British colonies) • Australia: 50, 000 Chinese during gold rush in 1851 • White Australia: 1901 -1973 restricted immigration from non whites

Political • Europe: revolutions, nationalism and nation-states characterized the 1800 s • Nation states asserted power through increasing number of colonies • Great Britain, Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, Portugal and the Netherlands • Japan: incursions into Korea (lead to Sino Japanese War 18941895) where Japan won and took control over Korea and Taiwan

Ideological • Phrenologists: people who studies skull sizes and shapes claimed that Africans, Indigenous Americans and Asians has smaller skulls and this indicated their sub-development • Social Darwinism: survival of the fittest – who was on top is because they were “fitter” • Christian Missionaries: some accused of being supporters of imperialism

India • By the end of 1700 s, England controlled most of India • Mughal empire was weak and England recruited Indians to join the British colonial army (sepoys) • Sepoy Mutiny (1857 in Northern India) erupted among soldiers who believed their rifle cartridges had been greased with the fat of cows and pigs • British fought and stopped the rebellion and the result was more control of the Indian government • From 1858 to 1947 Britain had control of India and the Raj was the puppet of the empire

Africa • • Europe imported manufactured goods: guns, alcohol and others Exported natural resources: palm oil, gold and ivory France started by seizing Algeria in 1830 Belgium (under King Leopold II) took control of the Congo, he owned the colonies personally – terrible working conditions for workers harvesting ivory and rubber • Suez Canal: built by French company with Egyptian workers: corvee laborers (unpaid workers)

Africa • Berlin Conference 1884 -1885: European powers met to “set rules” for European expansion in Africa • Europeans set up artificial boundaries that created ethnic conflicts • South Africa: Dutch citizens had lived there since 1600 s, British came over in early 1800 s and Afrikaans moved East of the Cape Cod colony they had established • Xhosa’s Cattle Killing Movement – famine • British force Afrikaners and other Africans from their lands into concentration camps divided by race

China • Opium Wars 1839 -1842 • Spheres of Influence: multiple nation-states had exclusive trading rights and access to natural resources in their particular regions

South Asia • Dutch East India Company (VOC) took control of “Spice Islands, ” present day Indonesia • When the VOC went bankrupt, they still controlled the area as a colony, forcing them to produce cash crops and eliminating subsistence agriculture of rice • By 1890 s, France controlled Cambodia, Laos and all of Vietnam, also forced to produce cash crops • Only area that escaped imperialism was Siam (Thailand) by fortifying their government structure and investing in infrastructure