Chapter 23 The Male and Female Reproductive Systems

Key Terms corpus luteum luteinizing hormone (LH) progesterone endometrium menopause semen estrogen menses spermatozoon

The Male and Female Reproductive Systems Asexual Reproduction • One-celled organisms • Divide by

The Male and Female Reproductive Systems (cont. ) Meiosis • Cell division process that

The Male Reproductive System (cont. ) Functions of the Male Reproductive System • Manufacture

The Male Reproductive System Accessory Organs • Epididymis – Coiled tube located on the

The Male Reproductive System (cont. ) Semen • Functions of semen – Nourishes spermatozoa

The Male Reproductive System (cont. ) Semen (cont. ) • Seminal vesicle – Twisted

The Male Reproductive System (cont. ) • Bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands) – Pea-sized organs

The Male Reproductive System (cont. ) Figure 23 -2 Cross-section of the penis. Copyright

The Male Reproductive System (cont. ) The Urethra and Penis • Erection • Penis

The Male Reproductive System (cont. ) The Testes • Scrotum • Inguinal canal •

The Male Reproductive System (cont. ) The Testes (cont. ) • Internal structure –

The Male Reproductive System-The testis Where are the interstitial cells located? Copyright © 2015

The Male Reproductive System (cont. ) Figure 23 -4 Human spermatozoon. What organelles provide

Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction (cont. ) Testicular Activity • Controlled by two hormones

The Male Reproductive System (cont. ) Figure 23 -5 Hormonal control of male reproduction.

The Effects of Aging on Male Reproduction • Decrease in testosterone and spermatozoa production

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont. ) Structural Disorders • Cryptorchidism • Testicular

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont. ) Figure 23 -6 Torsion of the

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont. ) Figure 23 -7 Inguinal hernia. Copyright

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont. ) Infections • Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont. ) Cancer • Prostatic cancer ‒ Risk

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont. ) Cancer (cont. ) • Prostatic cancer

The Female Reproductive System Structures • Gonads (ovaries) – Formation of gametes (ova) •

The Female Reproductive System (cont. ) Figure 23 -8 Female reproductive system. Copyright ©

The Female Reproductive System (cont. ) Accessory Organs • Uterus – Pear-shaped muscular organ

The Female Reproductive System (cont. ) Accessory Organs (cont. ) • Uterine tubes (oviducts

The Female Reproductive System (cont. ) Accessory Organs (cont. ) • The greater vestibular

The Female Reproductive System (cont. ) Figure 23 -9 External parts of the female

The Female Reproductive System (cont. ) The Ovaries and Ova • Ovaries are located

The Female Reproductive System (cont. ) Figure 23 -10 The ovary. Copyright © 2015

The Female Reproductive Cycle (cont. ) • Controlled by pituitary hormones LH and FSH

The Female Reproductive cycle What ovarian hormone peaks closest to ovulation? What ovarian hormone

The Female Reproductive Cycle (cont. ) Preovulatory Phase • Several follicles enter final stages

The Female Reproductive Cycle (cont. ) Ovulation and the Postovulatory Phase • LH surge

The Female Reproductive Cycle (cont. ) Menstruation • If ovum is not fertilized, corpus

Menopause • Menstruation ceases • Normal ovarian function declines – Follicles stop maturing –

Menopause (cont. ) • Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) – Combination of estrogen with synthetic

Birth Control (cont. ) • Artificial means to prevent fertilization of the ovum •

Birth Control (cont. ) Figure 23 -12 Condoms. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer •

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont. ) Menstrual Disorders • Amenorrhea • Dysmenorrhea

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont. ) Menstrual Disorders (cont. ) • Endometriosis

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont. ) Figure 23 -13 Possible sites of

Disorders of the Female Reproductive Benign (cont. ) and Malignant Tumors System Benign and

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont. ) Figure 23 -14 Pap smear. Copyright

Disorders of the Female Reproductive Benign(cont. ) and Malignant Tumors System Infections • Sexually

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont. ) Figure 23 -15 Pathway of infection.

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont. ) Infertility • More difficult to diagnose

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont. ) Infertility (cont. ) • Female infertility

Case Study Infertility Inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after having regular, unprotected

Case Study (cont. ) • Treatment plan ‒ In vitro fertilization • Schedule of

Word Anatomy (cont. ) Word Part Meaning Example The Male Reproductive System acr/o extremity,

Word Anatomy (cont. ) Word Part Meaning Example Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Word Anatomy (cont. ) Word Part Meaning Example Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

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Key Terms corpus luteum luteinizing hormone (LH) progesterone endometrium menopause semen estrogen menses spermatozoon follicle-stimulating menstruation hormone (FSH) (pl. spermatozoa) ovarian follicle testis (pl. , testes) gamete ovary testosterone infertility ovulation uterus ovum (pl. , ova) Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

The Male and Female Reproductive Systems Asexual Reproduction • One-celled organisms • Divide by themselves Sexual Reproduction • Males and females • Specialized sex cells (germ cells or gametes) – Male cells are spermatozoa (sperm cells). – Female cells are ova (egg cells). Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

The Male and Female Reproductive Systems (cont. ) Meiosis • Cell division process that forms gametes • Halves the number of chromosomes in cell Reproductive organs • Gonads – Produce gametes – Testis in male; ovary in female • Accessory organs Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

The Male Reproductive System Accessory Organs • Epididymis – Coiled tube located on the surface of the testis – Temporarily stores sperm cells • Ductus vas deferens – Extends upward as the ductus deferens (vas deferens) • Ampulla • Seminal vesicle • Ejaculatory duct Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

The Male Reproductive System (cont. ) Semen • Functions of semen – Nourishes spermatozoa – Transports spermatozoa – Neutralizes the acidity of the male urethra and female vagina – Lubricates the reproductive tract – Prevents infection Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

The Male Reproductive System (cont. ) Semen (cont. ) • Seminal vesicle – Twisted muscular tube – Located at the posterior of the urinary bladder – Produces alkaline secretion containing simple sugar – Provides nourishment to spermatozoa • Prostate gland – Located inferior to the urinary bladder – Ducts carry prostatic secretion into the urethra – Alkaline secretion neutralizes vaginal acidity Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

The Male Reproductive System (cont. ) • Bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands) – Pea-sized organs (pair) – Located in the pelvic floor inferior to the prostate – Secrete mucus to lubricate the urethra and penis tip Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

The Male Reproductive System (cont. ) The Urethra and Penis • Erection • Penis ‒ Corpus spongiosum • Glans penis • Prepuce ‒ Circumcision • Contains urethra ‒ Corpora cavernosa · Ejaculation Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

The Male Reproductive System (cont. ) The Testes (cont. ) • Internal structure – Seminiferous tubules – Sustentacular cells – Interstitial cells • The Spermatozoa – Manufacturing begins at puberty – Acrosome – Flagellum Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction (cont. ) Testicular Activity • Controlled by two hormones from the anterior pituitary – Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – Luteinizing hormone (LH) Testosterone • Functions: – Development and maintenance of the male reproductive accessory organs – Development of spermatozoa – Development of secondary sex characteristics Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

The Male Reproductive System (cont. ) Figure 23 -5 Hormonal control of male reproduction. Which hormone stimulates testosterone secretion— LH or FSH? Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

The Effects of Aging on Male Reproduction • Decrease in testosterone and spermatozoa production • Decline in sperm motility and quality • Erectile dysfunction • Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) – Treatment • Medication to shrink prostate • Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont. ) Structural Disorders • Cryptorchidism • Testicular torsion • Hernia (rupture) ‒ Inguinal hernia • Phimosis • Infections of the male reproductive tract: ‒ Prostatitis ‒ Epididymitis ‒ Orchitis Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont. ) Infections • Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) ‒ Chlamydial infections ‒ Gonococcal infections (gonorrhea) ‒ Symptoms of STIs • Urethral discharge • Burning sensation and pain during urination • Prostatitis and epididymitis ‒ Genital herpes ‒ Syphilis Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont. ) Cancer • Prostatic cancer ‒ Risk factors • Age • Race • Family history • Certain environmental agents • Diet high in fat ‒ Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont. ) Cancer (cont. ) • Prostatic cancer (cont. ) ‒ Treatment • Surveillance • Radiation therapy • Surgery • Hormone treatments · Testicular cancer ‒ Young and middle-aged adults Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

The Female Reproductive System Structures • Gonads (ovaries) – Formation of gametes (ova) • Accessory organs • Passageways • External genital organs Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

The Female Reproductive System (cont. ) Accessory Organs • Uterus – Pear-shaped muscular organ – Organ in which fetus develops and matures – Regions • Body (corpus) • Cervix (neck) • Fundus – Broad ligaments – Muscular wall • Myometrium • Endometrium Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

The Female Reproductive System (cont. ) Accessory Organs (cont. ) • Uterine tubes (oviducts or fallopian tubes) – Muscular structure extending from the uterus to a point near the ovary – Fimbriae • The vagina – Fornix • Posterior fornix – Rectouterine pouch – Hymen Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

The Female Reproductive System (cont. ) Accessory Organs (cont. ) • The greater vestibular glands (Bartholin) – Produce mucus • Secreted into the vestibule – Provide lubrication • The vulva and the perineum – External genitalia (vulva) • Labia (labia majora and labia minora) • Clitoris • Mons pubis – Perineum Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

The Female Reproductive System (cont. ) The Ovaries and Ova • Ovaries are located in the pelvic cavity. • Ovaries produce ova. • Ovarian follicle: – Protects ovum – Produces ovarian hormones • Ovaries contain gametes at birth. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

The Female Reproductive Cycle (cont. ) • Controlled by pituitary hormones LH and FSH regulated by the hypothalamus • Cyclic pattern of hormonal activity – Menstruation • Menstrual cycle – Averages 28 days – Ovulation • Separates reproductive cycle into preovulatory (follicular) and postovulatory (luteal) phases Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

The Female Reproductive Cycle (cont. ) Preovulatory Phase • Several follicles enter final stages of maturation • Increased production of estrogen – Prepares the endometrium • Elongates uterine secretory glands • Proliferative phase in the uterus – Inhibits release of FSH Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

The Female Reproductive Cycle (cont. ) Ovulation and the Postovulatory Phase • LH surge in blood – Causes ovulation – Transforms ruptured follicle into corpus luteum that secretes estrogen and progesterone • Endometrium continues to thicken • Glands and blood vessels increase in size – Secretory phase in the uterus • Hormonal methods of contraception • FSH and LH are inhibited via estrogen and progesterone feedback Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

The Female Reproductive Cycle (cont. ) Menstruation • If ovum is not fertilized, corpus luteum degenerates – Estrogen, progesterone levels decrease • Endometrium degenerates, produces menses • Endometrium begins to repair itself • The decrease of estrogen and progesterone levels allows the release of FSH from the anterior pituitary Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Menopause • Menstruation ceases • Normal ovarian function declines – Follicles stop maturing – No appreciable amounts of estrogen and progesterone produced • Effects of menopause may include nervous symptoms, anxiety, insomnia, and “hot flashes” (resulting from low levels of estrogen) • Uterus, oviducts, vagina, vulva become somewhat atrophied • Vaginal mucosa becomes thinner, dryer, more sensitive Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Menopause (cont. ) • Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) – Combination of estrogen with synthetic progesterone prescribed to relieve menopause discomfort – Increases breast cancer risk – Increases thrombosis and embolism risk – Risks increase with duration of therapy Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Birth Control (cont. ) • Artificial means to prevent fertilization of the ovum • Abortifacients • Surgical sterilization – Tubal ligation (female) – Vasectomy (male) • Hormonal methods for women • Male contraceptive pill still under investigation • Mifepristone (RU-486) (morning-after pill) is a drug taken after conception to terminate an early pregnancy • Male and female condoms Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont. ) Menstrual Disorders • Amenorrhea • Dysmenorrhea – Secondary dysmenorrhea • Endometriosis • Uterine fibroids • Abnormal uterine bleeding – Menorrhagia – Too frequent menstruation – Nonmenstrual bleeding Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont. ) Menstrual Disorders (cont. ) • Endometriosis • Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – Symptoms • Fluid retention (bloating) • Swollen or tender breasts • Headache • Fatigue • Irritability • Anxiety • Depression Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Disorders of the Female Reproductive Benign (cont. ) and Malignant Tumors System Benign and Malignant Tumors • Fibroids (myomas) – Hysterectomy • Endometrial cancer • Ovarian cancer • Cervical cancer – Linked with human papillomavirus (HPV) – Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Disorders of the Female Reproductive Benign(cont. ) and Malignant Tumors System Infections • Sexually transmitted infections – Chlamydia – Gonorrhea – HIV and genital herpes – Syphilis – Genital warts – Salpingitis – Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont. ) Infertility • More difficult to diagnose and evaluate in women • Male infertility causes – Oligospermia • Seminiferous tubules damaged by x-rays, infections, toxins, malnutrition • Smoking, alcohol abuse, excessive environmental heat • Impaired sperm motility, blockage within duct system, testosterone deficiency, drug abuse Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont. ) Infertility (cont. ) • Female infertility causes – Endocrine disorders – Abnormalities in structure and function of reproductive organs • Presence of inflammation or scar tissue in uterine tubes – Endometriosis – Early menopause – Malnutrition Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Case Study Infertility Inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after having regular, unprotected sexual intercourse for at least one year • Causes ruled out: Oligospermia; low levels of thyroid hormones and FSH; irregular ovulation • Possible cause in Jessica and Brett’s case: ‒ Structural problem from endometriosis • Scarred and blocked uterine tubes interfering with fertilization or nourishing the fertilized egg • Diagnosed with laparoscopic examination Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Case Study (cont. ) • Treatment plan ‒ In vitro fertilization • Schedule of hormone supplements to induce ripening of multiple eggs • Remove eggs from the ovary prior to ovulation • Fertilize eggs with spouse’s sperm in the laboratory • Transfer fertilized eggs back to the uterus bypassing the blocked uterine tubes Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Word Anatomy (cont. ) Word Part Meaning Example The Male Reproductive System acr/o extremity, end The acrosome covers the head of a sperm cell. circum- around A cut is made around the glans to remove part of the foreskin in a circumcision. fer to carry The ductus deferens carries spermatozoa away from (de-) the testis. semin/o semen, seed Sperm cells are produced in the seminiferous tubules. test/o testis The hormone testosterone is produced in the testis. Disorders of the Male Reproductive System crypt/o hidden Cryptorchidism refers to an undescended testis (orchid/o). olig/o few, deficiency Oligospermia is a deficiency in the numbers of spermatozoa produced. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Word Anatomy (cont. ) Word Part Meaning Example Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont. ) orchid/o, orchi/o testis Orchiectomy is removal of the testis. The Female Reproductive System metr/o uterus The myometrium is the muscular (my/o) layer of the uterus. ovar, ovari/o ovary An ovarian follicle encloses an ovum. ov/o, ov/i ovary An ovum is an egg cell. rect/o rectum The rectouterine pouch is between the uterus and the rectum. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Word Anatomy (cont. ) Word Part Meaning Example Disorders of the Female Reproductive System hyster/o uterus Hysterectomy is surgical removal of the uterus. men/o uterine bleeding, menses Amenorrhea is absence of menstrual flow. salping/o tube Salpingitis is inflammation of a tube, such as the uterine tube. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved