Chapter 23 The Elder Population Copyright 2008 Delmar

Theories of Aging • Explain factors related to aging • Three broad categories (Table

Theories of Aging • Culture and elder health – Cultural differences • Values, beliefs,

Theories of Aging • Family as caregiver – Increased need due to increasing elder

Theories of Aging • Family as caregiver – Caregivers report they need the following:

Theories of Aging • Health assessment of older adults – Ageism – Normal aging

Environmental Conditions • Adequate housing • Adequate food 7 Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All

Environmental Conditions • Safety hazards – Poor lighting – Area rugs – Stairs –

Environment Conditions • Residential housing – Nursing homes – Independent living – Assisted living

Environment Conditions • Social – Important in successful aging • Identify available persons to

Environment Conditions • Majority experience some degree of normal loss – Vision – Hearing

Environment Conditions • Severe depression is not a normal result of aging • Alcohol

Normal Aging Changes to Body Systems • All body systems are affected with age

Normal Aging Changes to Body Systems • Gastrointestinal system – Dental changes – Slower

Normal Aging Changes to Body Systems • Urinary system – Reduced bladder capacity –

Normal Aging Changes to Body Systems • Musculoskeletal system – Decreased muscle mass –

Normal Aging Changes to Body Systems • Neurological system – Dizziness – Swaying 17

Normal Aging Changes to Body Systems • Integumentary system – Decreased perspiration – Increased

Normal Aging Changes to Body Systems • Reproductive system – Ovaries and uterus atrophy,

Normal Aging Changes to Body Systems • Special senses – Visual changes – Hearing

Health Promotion for Older Adults • Illness prevention (Table 23 -2) – Health screenings

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Theories of Aging • Explain factors related to aging • Three broad categories (Table 23 -1): 1. Biological: physiologic process 2. Psychological: behavioral changes and adaptive process 3. Sociological: role and relationship changes 2 Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved.

Theories of Aging • Family as caregiver – Increased need due to increasing elder population – Females are the majority of caregivers – Older women are usually cared for by adult children while men are usually cared for by spouse 4 Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved.

Theories of Aging • Family as caregiver – Caregivers report they need the following: • • • Information More time for self Safety at home Balancing family responsibilities Managing emotional and physical stress 5 Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved.

Environmental Conditions • Safety hazards – Poor lighting – Area rugs – Stairs – Lack of smoke detectors – Kitchen safety – Neighborhood safety, neighbors – Transportation 8 Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved.

Environment Conditions • Social – Important in successful aging • Identify available persons to assist • Identify social support • Psychological – Those who remain engaged and feel productive have a brighter outlook 10 Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved.

Normal Aging Changes to Body Systems • All body systems are affected with age • Cardiovascular system – Coronary artery disease, hypertension, stroke • Pulmonary system – Mild decrease elasticity of alveolar sacs and mucous transport – Most dysfunction due to tobacco use 13 Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved.

Normal Aging Changes to Body Systems • Urinary system – Reduced bladder capacity – Increase in residual urine – Prostatic hypertrophy – Decrease in creatinine clearance 15 Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved.

Normal Aging Changes to Body Systems • Musculoskeletal system – Decreased muscle mass – Slower foot reaction time – Decrease in finger strength and ability to grasp objects – Bone density loss 16 Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved.

Normal Aging Changes to Body Systems • Integumentary system – Decreased perspiration – Increased pigmentation – Increased wrinkling – Thinner, grayer hair – Nail thickening 18 Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved.

Normal Aging Changes to Body Systems • Reproductive system – Ovaries and uterus atrophy, decreased vaginal secretions, thin vaginal mucosa – Decreased pubic hair, pendulous breasts – Hot flashes, night sweats – Enlarged prostate – Decreased penis and testes size 19 Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved.

Normal Aging Changes to Body Systems • Special senses – Visual changes – Hearing changes – Decreased taste and smell – Decreased sensitivity to temperature 20 Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved.

Health Promotion for Older Adults • Illness prevention (Table 23 -2) – Health screenings – Immunizations – Education – Diet and exercise – Sexuality – Preventing injuries 21 Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved.