Chapter 23 Participles What are participles Verbal adjectives

Chapter 23: Participles

What are participles? • Verbal adjectives (adjectives formed from a verb stem) • As an adjective, it must agree with what it’s modifying in gender, number, case • It will also have verb characteristics: tense and voice • In English, a participle is a verbal ending in -ing (present) or -ed, -en, -d, -t, or -n (past) that functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun.

What are participles? • • • The crying baby was hungry. Shaken, he walked away from the wrecked car. The burning log fell off the fire. Smiling, she hugged the panting dog. Removing his coat, Jack rushed to the river. Dolores noticed her cousin walking along the shoreline. • Children introduced to music early develop strong intellectual skills.

What are participles? There are four participles in Latin: Future Active Future Passive Present Active Perfect Passive As an adjective they can act as substantives. As verbs, they can take direct objects and other constructions used with the particular verb. They can also be modified by adverbs or adverbial phrases.

Future Active Participle Formed by adding –ur- and the adjective endings –us, -a, -um to the stem of the 4 th principal part. Translate as ‘about to [verb]’ or ‘going to [verb]’ 1 st amatum - um + ur +us, a, um amaturus, a, um 2 nd monitum - um + ur +us, a, um moniturus, a, um 3 rd lectum - um + ur +us, a, um lecturus, a, um 3 rd -io factum - um + ur +us, a, um facturus, a, um 4 th auditum - um + ur +us, a, um auditurus, a, um

Future Passive Participle Formed by adding –nd- and the adjective endings –us, -a, -um to the lengthened stem of the first principal part Translate as ‘about to be [verb]ed’ or ‘going to be [verb]ed’ 1 st ama 2 nd mone + nd +us, a, um monendus, a, um 3 rd lege + nd +us, a, um legendus, a, um 3 rd -io facie + nd +us, a, um faciendus, a, um 4 th + nd audie + nd +us, a, um amandus, a, um +us, a, um audiendus, a, um

Present Active Participle Formed by adding the 3 rd declension adjectival ending –ns, (gen) -ntis to the lengthened stem of the first principal part Translate as ‘[verb]ing’ 1 st ama 2 nd mone + ns, ntis monens, monentis 3 rd lege 3 rd -io facie 4 th + ns, ntis amans, amantis + ns, ntis legens, legentis + ns, ntis faciens, facientis audie + ns, ntis audiens, audientis

Perfect Passive Participle We’ve already encountered the perfect passive participle, when we dropped the –um from the 4 th principal part and added the adjective endings – us, a, um to form the perfect passive system. Translate as ‘having been [verb]ed, unless it is used with a form of sum, and is therefore being used as a verb of the perfect passive system.

Summary of Forms Active Passive Fut 4 th p. p. + ur + us, a, um 1 st p. p. + nd + us, a, um Pres Perf 1 st p. p. + ns, ntis 4 th p. p. + us, a, um

Declension of Participles 3 of the 4 participles are declined like 1 st/2 nd declension adjectives The present participle, however, is declined like 3 rd declension adjectives. BUT! Sometimes the ablative singular ends in –i, but sometimes it ends in –e. The –i is used when it is used simply as an attributive adjective (eg a matre amanti – by a loving mother) The –e is used when the participle is functioning verbally (eg with an object, like patre filium amante, with the father loving his son) or as a substantive (ab amante, by a lover)

Tense Just like in English, the tense of the participle is not absolute, but rather it is relative to the tense of the main verb. Pres. Ppl. = action contemporaneous Pf. Ppl. = action prior Fut Ppl. = Action subsequent

Identify the Tense • • • The crying baby was hungry. Shaken, he walked away from the wrecked car. The burning log fell off the fire. Smiling, she hugged the panting dog. Jack saw the students about to study. Dolores noticed her cousin walking along the shoreline. • Children introduced to music early develop strong intellectual skills.