Chapter 22 Vietnam Chapter 22Section 1 Moving Toward

Chapter 22 Vietnam

Chapter 22/Section 1 Moving Toward Conflict

1880 s – WWII France ruled Indochina

During WWII Japanese took control of Vietnam & Indochina

Dec. 1945 France Returns!! September 1945 Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam independent!!!

Vietnam Map pg. 733 n Color in your map labeling the following points: – N. & S. Vietnam – 17 th Parallel – Gulf of Tonkin – Saigon – Laos – Ho Chi Minh Trail – South China Sea -- Thailand -- Dien Bien Phu -- Hanoi -- My Lai -- Cambodia -- China -- Gulf of Thailand

I. Moving Toward Conflict A. 1941: Vietminh is formed to eliminate foreign rule in Vietnam 1. Led by Ho Chi Minh Vietminh assist U. S. against the Japanese during WWII C. Aug. 1945: Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam’s independence D. Jan. 1946: French troops return to southern Vietnam B. 1. Ho Chi Minh rebels against the French from N. Vietnam

II. America Supports France in Vietnam A. U. S. needs France to help oppose communism in Europe 1. 2. B. “Containment” foreign policy applied Fear of “Domino Theory” President Truman provides $15 million in military & financial aid C. By 1954 the U. S. is paying 80% of French war costs 1. No U. S. combat troops

II. America Supports France in Vietnam 1954 French troops defeated at Dien Bien Phu E. Geneva Accords (1954) peace settlement 1. Temporary division of Vietnam at the 17 th parallel a) Ho Chi Minh governs the North from Hanoi b) Anti-communist regime governs the South from Saigon 2. France must withdraw its troops in S. Vietnam 3. 1956 democratic elections to unite country under one gov’t -- Pg. 8 -D.

Iraq Elections With the overthrow of Saddam Hussein in the Iraq war, the Iraqi people are now able to conduct free democratic elections. In the upcoming elections though, the popular presidential candidate is anti-American and is thought to have close ties to dangerous terrorist organizations around the world. n Would you want your gov’t to step in? If so, how? n

Review n What prompted the war between the Vietminh & the French? n What role did Ho Chi Minh play in Vietnamese independence? n List three reasons why the U. S. did not support Vietnamese independence in the 1940 s & 1950 s? n What were the terms of the Geneva Accords?

Steps To U. S. Involvement in Vietnam n September 1945 – After the Japanese leave Vietnam after WWII, Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam an independent nation. n Late 1945 – French troops move back to Vietnam and regain control of the cities and country’s southern half n 1950 – President Truman sends nearly $15 million in economic aid to France.

Steps To U. S. Involvement in Vietnam – President Eisenhower continues to supply the French. Fearful of the Domino Theory. n May 1954 – Vietminh defeat the French at Dien Bien Phu n July 1954 – The Geneva Accords peace agreement settles the conflict between France and the Vietminh. n 1953

III. United States Steps Into Vietnam A. U. S. seeks to prevent a communist regime in Vietnam 1. Establishes a pro-American gov’t in S. Vietnam 2. Led by Ngo Dinh Diem B. President Eisenhower provides U. S. military aid & training C. Diem blocks 1956 democratic elections -- Pg. 9 --

III. United States Steps Into Vietnam D. Diem leads a corrupt & oppressive gov’t 1. Institutes harsh policies toward the country’s Buddhists (pg. 734)

Ngo Dinh Diem (South Vietnam) n n n Anti-communist Devout catholic, restricted Buddhist practices Corrupt & suppressed opposition Prevented 1956 democratic elections Supported by the U. S.

HO Chi Minh (North Vietnam) n n n Communist Redistributed land to the peasants Brutal & repressive Supported by the Soviet Union & China Popular support in North Vietnam

IV. Ngo Dinh Diem Seeks U. S. Aid A. 1958 civil war wages between communists & non-communists in South Vietnam B. (NLF) – National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam communist rebel group in S. Vietnam 1. 2. 3. “aka”…Vietcong Oppose Ngo Dinh Diem & U. S. support Supported by Ho Chi Minh 1) Ho Chi Minh Trail

IV. Ngo Dinh Diem Seeks U. S. Aid C. President Kennedy sends additional weapons & military advisers 1. 1963: 16, 000 U. S. troops in S. Vietnam D. By 1963 Ngo Dinh Diem’s popularity has plummeted 1. Corruption & religious persecution 2. Lack of land reform 3. Strategic hamlet program

Elimination Plot n In order to obtain a more popular leader to unite the South Vietnamese against communism, President Kennedy agreed to allow the CIA to provide a group of South Vietnamese generals with $40, 000 to carry out a coup to eliminate Ngo Dinh Diem. n With the promise that US forces would make no attempt to protect Diem, the Vietnamese generals assassinated him.

IV. Ngo Dinh Diem Seeks U. S. Aid E. Nov. 1, 1963 U. S. supported military coup topples Diem’s gov’t

Nguyen Van Thieu replaces Ngo Dinh Diem

Review n n Why did the United States support Ngo Dinh Diem in canceling the 1956 elections? How did U. S. involvement & support of Ngo Dinh Diem increase internal conflict in Vietnam? How are the Vietminh & the Vietcong the same yet different? Identify how President Kennedy’s handling of Vietnam compared to previous presidents before him.

Iraq Policy n It has now been three years and many Americans are starting to question America’s involvement in Iraq. Some gov’t officials cite the Iraq situation to now be a civil war and a losing cause for America to continue to be involved in. Other gov’t officials warn that pulling American troops out would doom Iraq to terrorism and would ruin American prestige making us appear weak and incapable winning the war on terrorism. n What do you do? Do you retreat or escalate?

DESOTO patrol boats were specially fitted out to detect opponent's radio and radar signals particularly those signals in response to provocative or aggressive actions or patrol routes. They were engaged in intercepting and recording enemy radio broadcasts for military intelligence use.

V. President Johnson Expands the Conflict (pgs. 735 – 737) § § § Aug. 7 1964 Feb. 1965 March 1965 June 1965 Dec. 1967

§ § § V. President Johnson Expands the Conflict Aug. 7 1964 – Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gives President Johnson war like powers w/o a declaration of war. Feb. 1965 – The 1 st sustained U. S. bombing of Vietnam begins w/ Operation Rolling Thunder March 1965 – 1 st American “combat” troops begin arriving in S. Vietnam June 1965 – 50, 000 U. S. soldiers were battling the Vietcong Dec. 1965 – 180, 000 American “combat” troops in Vietnam fighting the Vietcong Ø § 61% of Americans favor U. S. /Vietnam policy Dec. 1967 – U. S. troop levels in Vietnam climb to 500, 000

Vietnam Chapter 22/Section 2 Questions Q 2 – Q 5

Why did U. S. forces have difficulty fighting the Vietcong? n Difficult discerning friend from foe b/c the enemy lived amidst the population. n Elaborate tunnels help Vietcong to withstand airstrikes & launch surprise attacks. n Terrain was laced w/ booby traps & land mines.

How did the U. S. view of the fight for Vietnam differ from the Vietcong? n The United States viewed the war strictly as a military struggle; the Vietcong saw it as a battle for their very existence.

Factors that led to low U. S. troop morale… n Frustrations of Guerrilla warfare, the brutal jungle conditions, and the failure to make substantial headway against the enemy. n Soldiers turned to alcohol, marijuana, and other drugs. n A few soldiers murder their own officers. (fragging)

What led to growing concern in America about the Vietnam War? n Large military spending taking away from social programs. n Increased taxes were used to pay for the war. n Gov’t issuing false reports about the progress being made in Vietnam. n People begin to question the wisdom & morality of the war.

VI. U. S. FRUSTRATIONS IN VIETNAM A. BOMBING 1. 2. 3. B. GEOGRAPHY 1. 2. 3. C. SOLDIERS 1. 2. 3.

VI. U. S. FRUSTRATIONS IN VIETNAM A. BOMBING 1. Bombing campaign strengthened the Vietnamese will to resist 2. Failed to destroy the nations weapon supplies & factories 3. Failed to destroy the flow of soldiers into S. Vietnam 4. Unable to destroy the Ho Chi Minh trail

VI. U. S. FRUSTRATIONS IN VIETNAM B. GEOGRAPHY 1. Covered jungles & rice paddies make troop mvmt. difficult 2. Jungle provides natural cover for sneak attacks & ambushes 3. Thick vegetation hides booby traps & mines 4. Dense fog hinders bombing & troop entry & extraction

VI. U. S. FRUSTRATIONS IN VIETNAM C. SOLDIERS 1. Unable to identify the enemy from the civilian population 2. Uncertain as to the cause they are fighting for 3. Lack of visible progress hurts troop morale (desertion, fragging) 4. Draft is unfair to the lower class

Chapter 22/Section 3 A Nation Divided

VII. Working Class Goes To War A. Draft requirements a. All 18 year old males register b. Ages 18 -26 called to duty Drafted men who refused to serve risk 12 years in jail C. Financially well-off found ways to escape the draft B. a. b. c. d. Granted medical exemption (25%) Receive a college deferment (30%) Join the National Guard/Coast Guard Escape to Canada

Draft Resistance 1967 – 1970 n 200, 000 n 4, 000 n 10, 000 men accused of draft resistance draft resisters jailed Americans fled to Canada

VII. Working Class Goes To War D. A severe draft imbalance occurs 1. 80% soldiers were lower class whites/minorities 2. 20% of combat deaths are African. Americans a. A. A. made up only 10% of U. S. population

Conscientious Objectors People who declined to fight because of their religious, moral, or political convictions. n Young men who could prove that their objection to fighting was based on religious belief were classified as 1 -0. n – Required to perform alternative service, such as hospital work in the U. S. n 1 -A-0 drafted for noncombatant military duty: Not required to carry weapons

VIII. Roots of Opposition College students create a powerful & vocal protest mvmt. B. Students for a Democratic Society A. a. b. c. d. U. S. has no business in Vietnam’s civil war U. S. can not police the entire globe S. Vietnam regime is corrupt Morally unjust

VIII. Roots of Opposition C. War divides the nation in two a. Doves: Withdraw from Vietnam (28%) b. Hawks: Unleash greater military force in Vietnam (56%) D. 70% of Americans believe war protests were “acts of disloyalty”

Chapter 22/4 1968: A Tumultuous year

IX. Tet Offensive (pgs. 748 – 750) A. B. C. D. E. What was the Tet Offensive? What affect did the Tet Offensive have on the American public? What affect did the Tet Offensive have on the Johnson administration? How did the Tet Offensive affect the media? How did the Tet Offensive affect Johnson’s presidency? A. Who is the next president to deal w/ Vietnam

Five Presidents & Vietnam

Chapter 22/5 The End of the War And Its Legacy

IX. Nixon & Vietnam A. Factors causing U. S. dissatisfaction w/ Vietnam a. b. B. Nixon introduces a new draft lottery system a. b. C. Military draft at home High level of American casualties Reduces # of people threatened by the draft Eliminated economic factors Nixon adopts Vietnamization policy to address American casualties a. Train & equip the S. Vietnamese to take more responsibility b. Withdraw American troops c. “Peace w/ honor”

Vietnam Lottery System http: //www. sss. gov/lotter 1. htm

Nixon Vietnam Timeline United States Conditions for Vietnam 1. North Vietnam to recognize the independent gov’t of South Vietnam 2. N. Vietnam to remove its troops from S. Vietnam n Aug. 1969: n Nov. 1969: – Event: President Nixon begins withdrawing U. S. troops from Vietnam. – Significance: First major troop withdraw from Vietnam signaling Nixon’s desire to de-escalate America’s involvement in Vietnam. – Event: New York Times reports on the actions of American troops in My Lai. – Significance: Increases the public’s opposition and weariness to America’s involvement in Vietnam.

Nixon Vietnam Timeline n April 1970: – Event - President Nixon announces that U. S. troops had invaded Cambodia. – Significance – College students across the country burst out in protest and hold the 1 st general student strike in history. n May 1970: – Event – Kent State University demonstrators are fired upon by the National Guard. – Significance – 9 protesters wounded, 4 killed

Nixon Vietnam Timeline n Dec. 1970: – Event -- Congress repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. – Significance – President no longer has independence in conducting policy in Vietnam. – June 1971: – Event: The Pentagon Papers leaked to the press. - Significance: Revealed to the public the gov’t had lied and never intended to end the war if N. Vietnam persisted.

Nixon Vietnam Timeline n March 1972: – Event: N. Vietnamese launch their largest attack on S. Vietnam since the Tet Offensive – Significance: Nixon responds w/ massive bombing of N. Vietnamese cities. n Dec. 1972: – Event: Christmas Bombings drop 100, 000 bombs over 11 days on Hanoi & Haiphong in N. Vietnam. – Significance: American Congress as well as foreign leaders call for an end to the war.

Nixon Vietnam Timeline n Jan. 1973: – Event : An agreement on ending the war & restoring peace in Vietnam established. – Significance : N. Vietnamese would be allowed to remain in S. Vietnam. n March 1973: – Event: Last U. S. combat troops leave Vietnam. – Significance: The war in Vietnam for America had ended.

Nixon Vietnam Timeline n March 1975: – Event: N. Vietnam launch a full scale invasion of S. Vietnam. – Significance: U. S. provided economic aid but refused to send troops. (President Ford) n April 1975: – Event: N. Vietnam tanks rolled into Saigon and captured the city. – Significance: S. Vietnam surrenders to N. Vietnam.

Fall of Saigon

Fall of Saigon

Fall of Saigon

Fall of Saigon

Fall of Saigon

Fall of Saigon

Fall of Saigon

Diem’s Regime: Anti-Communist…but not necessarily democratic n Made it illegal to be communist n Closed down all anti-Diem newspapers n Killed or jailed any who spoke out against his gov’t – 1958: 50, 000 jailed…. 12, 500 executed n Secret police force allowed to search anywhere, anytime, and destroy threats to state – Officers loot and enrich themselves

Buddhist Protest In Vietnam

Buddhist Protest In Vietnam n A Vietnamese Buddhist monk burned himself to death in an act of protest against the Diem government in June 1963. Constituting a majority of the country’s population, Buddhists in Vietnam accused the Diem government of religious discrimination.

Vietnam War’s Effect On America n n n n U. S. realizes its limits War costs the U. S. $150 billion 58, 000 Americans dead, 300, 000 more injured Damaged the nation’s prestige Eroded America’s self-confidence Domino Theory disproved War Powers Act 26 th Amendment

n http: //www. teachvietnam. org/index. cfm? S ection. ID=56