Chapter 22 Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections Copyright

Chapter 22 Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 1

Portuguese Exploration Originally for fishing Land hunger Discovery of Azores, Madeiras Islands Acquisition of land to plant sugarcane 2

The Lure of Trade Maritime routes to Asia Spices, silk, porcelain Silk Roads more dangerous since spread of bubonic plague Prices, profits increased Indian pepper, Chinese ginger increasingly essential to diet of European wealthy classes African gold, ivory, slaves 3

Missionary Efforts Franciscan, Dominican missionaries to India, central Asia and China Violent efforts with crusades, reconquista 4

The Technology of Exploration Chinese rudder introduced in twelfth century Square sails replaced by triangular lateen sales Worked better with cross winds Navigational instruments Knowledge of winds, currents The volta do mar “Return through the sea” 5

Wind and Current Patterns in the World’s Oceans 6

Voyages from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Prince Henry of Portugal (1394– 1460) Promoted exploration of west African coast Established fortified trading posts 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded Cape of Good Hope, entered Indian Ocean basin Storms and restless crew forced return Vasco da Gama reached India by this route, 1497 By 1500, a trading post at Calicut 7

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Christopher Columbus (1451– 1506) Believed Earth was smaller Estimated Japan less than 2, 500 nautical miles west of Canaries (actually more than 10, 000 nautical miles) Portuguese kings refused to fund proposed westward trip Voyage underwritten by Fernando and Isabel of Spain, Italian bankers Discovery of Bahamas, Cuba 9

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Hemispheric Links Columbus tried three times, never reached Asia But by early sixteenth century, several powers followed English, Spanish, French, Dutch Realization of value of newly discovered Americas 11

European Exploration in the Atlantic Ocean, 1486– 1498 12

Voyages from the Atlantic to the Pacific Discovery of Pacific Ocean by Vasco Nuñez de Balboa while searching for gold in Panama, 1513 Distance to Asia unknown Ferdinand Magellan (1480– 1521) not supported by Portuguese, sailed in service of Spain Circumnavigation of globe through Strait of Magellan Crew assailed by scurvy; only 18 of 250 sailors returned to Spain from journey Magellan killed in local political dispute in Philippines Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 13

Exploration of the Pacific Spanish: Philippines–Mexico trade route English, Russians sought northwest passage to Asia Most of route clogged by ice in Arctic Circle Norwegian Roald Amundsen completed route only in twentieth century Sir Frances Drake (England) explored west coast of North America Vitus Bering (Russia) sailed through Bering Strait James Cook (England) explored southern Pacific 14

Pacific Voyages of Magellan and Cook, 1519– 1780 15

Trading-Post Empires Portuguese first to set up trading posts Fifty by mid-sixteenth century Not to establish trade monopolies; rather, to charge duties Afonso d’Alboquerque: major naval commander Architect of trade duties policy: violators would have hands amputated Yet Arab traders continue to operate Portuguese control declined by end of 16 th century 16

English and Dutch Trading Posts Rival, parallel trading networks English concentrated on Indian trade Dutch in Cape Town, Colombo, Batavia 17

European Trading Posts in Africa and Asia, about 1700 18

The Trading Companies Advantage of Dutch and English over Portuguese English East India Company, established 1600 Dutch United East India Company (VOC), established 1602 Privately owned ships, government support Empowered with right to engage in trade, build posts, even make war Exceptionally profitable 19

European Conquests in Southeast Asia Philippines conquered by Spanish, named after King Philip II Manila became major port city Influx of Chinese traders highly resented Frequent massacres, seventeenth to nineteenth century Significant missionary activity Dutch concentration on spice trade in Indonesia Established Batavia, trading post in Java Less missionary activity 20

Russian Empire in Asia Russian take-over of Mongol khanates, sixteenth century Astrakhan became major trading city Caucasus absorbed in eighteenth century Siberian expansions in sixteenth to seventeenth century Trade with indigenous Siberian peoples Little success with missionary efforts Some local rebellions Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 21

Encounters in Siberia Criminals, prisoners of war exiled to Siberia Disgruntled peasants migrated east Trading posts developed Dramatic expansion of Russian population 420, 000 Russians in Siberia in 1763, outnumbering indigenous peoples 2: 1 22

Russian Expansion, 1462– 1795 23

The Seven Years’ War (1756– 1763) Commercial rivalries between empires at sea Global conflict: multiple theaters in Europe, India, Caribbean, North America: merged with French and Indian War, 1754– 1763 British emerged victorious, established primacy in India, Canada 24

The Columbian Exchange Named for Christopher Columbus Global diffusion of plants and crops; animals; human populations; disease pathogens Links between previously independent biological zones Permanent alteration to human geography, natural environment 25

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Epidemic Diseases and Population Decline Smallpox No prior exposure to these diseases in western hemisphere or Oceania Also measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, influenza No inherited, acquired immunities 1519, smallpox epidemic in Aztec empire Population declined 90% within 100 years (17 million to 1. 3 million) 27

Food Crops and Animals Columbian exchange also increased overall food supply Introduction of European animals to Americas Horses, cattle, pigs, chickens, etc. Introduction of American foods to Europe, Asia, Africa Maize, potatoes, beans, etc. 28

World Population Growth, 1500– 1800 C. E. 29

Migration Enslaved Africans To South America, North America, Caribbean European pioneers 30

The Origins of Global Trade Transoceanic trade in Atlantic Ocean basin Manufactured goods from Europe Raw goods from Americas The Manila galleons Spanish galleons dominated Pacific Ocean trade from 1565 to 1815 Chinese luxury goods for American raw materials, especially silver 31

Environmental Effects of Global Trade Fur-bearing animals hunted to extinction or near-extinction Also whales, codfish, other animals with industrial uses Relentless human exploitation of the natural environment 32