Chapter 22 Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections Copyright

Chapter 22 Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 1

Portuguese Exploration n n Originally for fishing Land hunger Discovery of Azores, Madeiras Islands Acquisition of land to plant sugarcane Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 2

The Lure of Trade n Maritime (sailing) routes to Asia q q n n n Spices, silk, porcelain Silk Roads more dangerous since spread of bubonic plague Prices, profits increased Indian pepper, Chinese ginger increasingly essential to diet of European wealthy classes African gold, ivory, slaves Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 3

Missionary Efforts n n Franciscan, Dominican missionaries to India, central Asia and China Violent efforts with crusades, reconquista Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 4

The Technology of Exploration n n Chinese rudder introduced in twelfth century Square sails replaced by triangular lateen sales q n n n Worked better with cross winds Navigational instruments Knowledge of winds, currents The volta do mar q “Return through the sea” Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 5

CFU n n Describe the factors that motivated the age of exploration. Identify three important technological developments that aided Exploration. Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 6

Wind and Current Patterns in the World’s Oceans Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 7

Voyages from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic (review) n Prince Henry of Portugal (1394– 1460) q q n 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded Cape of Good Hope, entered Indian Ocean basin q n Promoted exploration of west African coast Established fortified trading posts Storms and restless crew forced return Vasco da Gama reached India by this route, 1497 q By 1500, a trading post at Calicut Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 8

Christopher Columbus (1451– 1506) n Believed Earth was smaller q q n Shaped like a football, not round Voyage underwritten by Fernando and Isabel of Spain, Italian bankers “Discovery” of Bahamas, Cuba q q Thought he was in India, hence the term “American Indians” Conquered natives brutally, forced them to work as slaves in gold mines or on plantations Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 9

Hemispheric Links n n Columbus tried three times, never reached Asia But by early sixteenth century, several powers followed q n English, Spanish, French, Dutch Realization of value of newly discovered Americas Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 10

European Exploration in the Atlantic Ocean, 1486– 1498 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 11

CFU n n Identify four important figures during the age of Exploration. Explain the motivation for exploration. Was each group successful? Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 12

Warmup: Crash course n Take 5 notes, focus on the major themes. q https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=2 y. XNr. LTdd. ME&t =480 s Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 13

Voyages from the Atlantic to the Pacific n “Discovery” of Pacific Ocean by Vasco Nuñez de Balboa while searching for gold in Panama, 1513 q n Distance to Asia unknown Ferdinand Magellan (1480– 1521) not supported by Portuguese, sailed in service of Spain q q q Circumnavigation of globe through Strait of Magellan Crew assailed by scurvy; only 18 of 250 sailors returned to Spain from journey Magellan killed in local political dispute in Philippines Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 14

Exploration of the Pacific n n Spanish: Philippines–Mexico trade route English, Russians sought northwest passage to Asia q Most of route clogged by ice in Arctic Circle n n Norwegian Roald Amundsen completed route only in twentieth century Sir Frances Drake (England) explored west coast of North America Vitus Bering (Russia) sailed through Bering Strait James Cook (England) explored southern Pacific Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 15

Pacific Voyages of Magellan and Cook, 1519– 1780 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 16

Trading-Post Empires n Portuguese first to set up trading posts q q n Afonso d’Alboquerque: major naval commander q n Fifty by mid-sixteenth century Not to establish trade monopolies; rather, to charge duties Architect of trade duties policy: violators would have hands amputated Yet Arab traders continue to operate q Portuguese control declined by end of 16 th century Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 17

English and Dutch Trading Posts n n n Rival, parallel trading networks English concentrated on Indian trade Dutch in Cape Town, Colombo, Batavia Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 18

CFU n n Identify three famous Explorers and describe their accomplishments. Explain how the Portuguese ran their empire and attempted to make profit. Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 19

European Trading Posts in Africa and Asia, about 1700 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 20

The Trading Companies n n n Advantage of Dutch and English over Portuguese English East India Company, established 1600 Dutch United East India Company (VOC), established 1602 Privately owned ships, government support Empowered with right to engage in trade, build posts, even make war Exceptionally profitable Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 21

European Conquests in Southeast Asia n n Philippines conquered by Spanish, named after King Philip II Manila became major port city q q q n Influx of Chinese traders highly resented Frequent massacres, seventeenth to nineteenth century Significant missionary activity Dutch concentration on spice trade in Indonesia q q Established Batavia, trading post in Java Less missionary activity Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 22

Russian Empire in Asia n n n Russian take-over of Mongol khanates, sixteenth century Astrakhan became major trading city Caucasus absorbed in eighteenth century Siberian expansions in sixteenth to seventeenth century Trade with indigenous Siberian peoples q q Little success with missionary efforts Some local rebellions Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 23

Encounters in Siberia n n Criminals, prisoners of war exiled to Siberia Disgruntled peasants migrated east Trading posts developed Dramatic expansion of Russian population q 420, 000 Russians in Siberia in 1763, outnumbering indigenous peoples 2: 1 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 24

Russian Expansion, 1462– 1795 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 25

CFU n n Summarize European conquest in Asia. What were the motivations for this action? Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 26

The Seven Years’ War (1756– 1763) n n Commercial rivalries between empires at sea Global conflict: multiple theaters in Europe, India, Caribbean, North America q n North America: merged with French and Indian War, 1754– 1763 British emerged victorious, established primacy in India, Canada Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 27

The Columbian Exchange n n Named for Christopher Columbus Global diffusion of plants and crops; animals; human populations; disease pathogens Links between previously independent biological zones (Eastern, Western Hemispheres) Permanent alteration to human geography, natural environment q Invasive species change ecosystems: European grass to California hills, Eucalyptus Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 28

Epidemic Diseases and Population Decline n Smallpox q n No prior exposure to these diseases in western hemisphere or Oceania q n Also measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, influenza No inherited, acquired immunities 1519, smallpox epidemic in Aztec empire q Population declined 90% within 100 years (17 million to 1. 3 million) Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 29

Columbian Exchange: Food, Crops, and Animals n Columbian exchange also increased overall food supply: leads to significant population growth. q Introduction of European animals to Americas 1. 2. 3. 4. q Horses Cattle Pigs chickens Introduction of American foods to Europe, Asia, Africa 1. 2. 3. 4. Maize (Corn) Potatoes Beans Tomatoes 30

CFU n n Identify three crops that were passed between the Americas and Europe through the Columbian Exchange. Identify the cause of the Seven years war. What was the outcome? Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 31

World Population Growth, 1500– 1800 C. E. Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 32

Migration to the Americas n Enslaved Africans q q n To South America, North America, Caribbean Approximately 12 million people by 1867 European pioneers q q Largest number came from England, France, Spain, Portugal Approximately 2. 6 million people by 1820 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 33

The Origins of Global Trade n Transoceanic trade in Atlantic Ocean basin q q n The Manila galleons in the Pacific Ocean q q n Connected Europe to the Americas Manufactured goods from Europe, raw goods from Americas Connected the Americas to Asia Chinese luxury goods for American raw materials, especially silver Brought the entire world together through trade for the first time in human history Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 34

Environmental Effects of Global Trade n n Environmental Disaster Fur-bearing animals hunted to extinction or near-extinction q q n n Also whales, codfish, other animals with industrial uses Sea otters Relentless human exploitation of the natural environment Monoculture, destruction of native plant species Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 35