Chapter 22 The French Revolution And Napoleon What

Chapter 22 The French Revolution And Napoleon

What are we going to be focusing on? What How Causes Revolution? does revolution change society? way the French Revolution a major turning point in European History?

What Is a Revolution? Revolution: a fundamental change that has occurred rapidly Political Revolution: a fundamental and rapid change in government Economic Revolution: a fundamental change in how an economy is structured Social Revolution: a fundamental change in society and culture

Causes of the French Revolution The foundations of are base on social inequality France Population was divided into three orders, or Estates First Estate ___________________________________________ Second Estate ___________________________________________ Sought to expand their power Third Estate _______________________ Had little of no land Many had feudal obligations Were not happy with Monarchy, Nobility

France’s Tax System Taxes were based on _____________ Taxes 3 were unfairly applied important unfair taxes: ___________: Property Tax paid mostly by peasants __________: Salt Tax, paid only by some regions; varied by region __________: Income Tax, Intended to collect 1/20 th of a person’s income; paid mostly by poor and middle class.

Collapse of French Budget ________________________ led to food shortages and unemployment French King continued to lead expensive lifestyle ______________, Queen of France “Let them eat cake!” Involvement in American Revolution sent France into Financial Louis XVI called the Estates-General collapse 300 representatives from _____________ 600 representatives from _____________ Wanted to create a constitutional government, make clergy and nobles pay taxes Demanded change to assembly voting rights

Bread Riots 1788, grain production dropped 75% ________________ Bread was a staple of the French diet. Spike in prices angered the people ________________________________________ Hungry Parisians began rioting, attacking bakers

French Revolution Begins June 17, 1789 the Third Estate declared it was the “___________” Began drafting constitution _______________ Louis XVI decided to stop the National Assembly by force Sent French troops to retake control of Paris July 14, 1789, 900 Parisians stormed the Bastille: _______________ Looking for _____________to fight the Kings army Torn down the fortress _______________. Other Revolts started all over France Upset by Landholding system

End of the Old Regime August 4, 1789, National Assembly voted to abolish all legal privileges of the nobles and clergy August 26, 1789 adopted the __________________________________ Stated that: ______________________ Appointment to public office should be based on talent ______________________ October 5, 1789 Thousands of women marched on __________ Forced Louis XVI to accept the decrees of the National Assembly Brought Louis back to Paris, with ______________

Constitution of 1791 Set up a limited monarchy: ________________________ Made a distinction between active citizens, who could vote, and passive citizens, who could not Active citizens were men over 25 who owned property Passive citizens had equal rights except for the ability to vote Provided for election, rather than appointment, of clergy, government officials, and judges

Changes in the Revolution Unhappy with the changes, Louis XVI ___________________________________ Lost credibility, pushed closer to ____________. European leaders feared the spread of Revolution Austria and Prussia threatened to use force to restore Louis XVI Legislative Assembly decided to declare war on Austria 1792, Protests turned violent, attacks on royal palace and the Assembly Paris Commune __________________, violent stage of the Revolution

Move to Radicalism 1792 _____________ began acting as France's ruling body Convention divided into political clubs The Mountain: ___________ 1793 Mountain influenced Convention passed a decree condemning _____ Not recognized by all of France Killed Jan. 21, beheaded on __________________________________

Reign of Terror National Convention gave broad powers to Committee of Public Safety Led by radical ____________ Took control of the central government Set up courts to prosecute ____________________________ Set up armies to settle rebellious French cities, villages Around 40, 000 people were killed Lyon: 1, 880 executed Reign of terror targeted ____________

Nation at Arms Foreign troops gathered on Frances eastern boarder ____________________________________________ Wanted to end Revolution, and reinstate old regime France built an army of more than 1 million soldiers Pushed back invaders, went on to conquer _______________ “________________” End of foreign threat, _____________ Robespierre condemned by Nation Convention Guillotined on July 28, 1794

The Directory After the Terror… The National Convention reduced the power of the Committee of Public Safety Created a new constitution: __________ Set up two legislative houses Five men—___________—held executive power. The Directory's reign was ineffective and characterized by _____________. Economic problems persisted, and the wars dragged on.

Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte From Corsica and of Italian descent Family was minor nobility but not wealthy Won a scholarship to a famous military school Was unpopular with his fellow officers early in his military career Rose quickly through the ranks—from captain in 1792 to commander in 1796 Was intelligent: studied famous military campaigns to learn from others Was ambitious and worked hard Inspired loyalty amongst his troops

Rise of Napoleon Won battles early on in southern France, defeating royalist forces supported by the British Took control of France’s army in Italy and defeated _______________________ Gained control of Northern Italy Took army to take Egypt from Britain, failed. In 1799, Napoleon seized control of the French government Coup d'état: ______________________ Established new government, “_____________” Napoleon named Consul, ____________ Named consul for life in 1802, _____________________in 1804

Napoleon Domestic Policy Napoleon sought to improve relations with the Catholic Church. He recognized ________________ The pope relinquished claims on Church lands seized during the French Revolution. Reduced French Law to seven law codes. The Napoleonic Code (Civil Code) __________________________________________________ Rolled back the rights that women and children had gained. Napoleon created a ______________________ Based on ability rather than nobility Napoleon enforced censorship of anti-government materials Shutting down many newspapers and banning books

Napoleon’s Empire Napoleon tried to make peace, take break from Warfare War broke out again with _________________________________________________. Napoleon managed to defeat all his foes except Britain. Continental Europe became under his control. Napoleon's “Grand Empire” consisted of three main parts: The French Empire Dependent states: _____________________ Allied states: ____________________________________________________ French revolutionary ideas spread through out the Empire _________________________________________

War Against Britain Unable to defeat Britain’s superior __________ Tried to defeat them ____________ The Continental System: ______________________________________ Goal: To weaken the British economy Hinder Britain’s ability to wage war Why didn’t it work? _____________________________________________________________ Other countries resisted participating in Napoleon’s plan. ________________________. Britain found trade markets outside Europe. ____________________________________________________.

Rise of Nationalism: ___________________________________________. Napoleon’ oppressive policies were unpopular in Europe _______________________________________ The conquered united in hatred of the French occupiers

Russia and the Great Retreat Downfall began in 1812 when _____________ Russia refused to ___________________ Invaded with ________________ Russians refused to fight, _______________________________________. Made it to Moscow in late October, which had been set ablaze. Napoleon decided to retreat back to Poland, at the beginning of ____________ “_________________” Thousands of soldiers staved or froze in the harsh Russian winter. Only _____________ returned

Fall of Napoleon European states ___________________________________ Paris was captured in March of 1814 ____________________ Had little support from the French people _____________, retook France in March 20, 1815 Napoleon sent into exile on ________, Island of coast of Italy Raised another larger army, planned an attack on European allied troops in Belgium ________________ British/Prussian army crushed Napoleon Exiled to St. Helena in the South Atlantic

European Reaction After Napoleon’s defeat, Europeans wished to restore the old order. __________________(1814) _____________ were restored in accordance with the principle of legitimacy. The great powers rearranged territories to create a balance of power. There was relative peace and stability although political freedoms were reduced. The philosophy of conservatism prevailed. Conservatism: _____________________________________________________.

Forces of Change Liberalism: ______________________________________________________ Believed in Constitutionalism: ______________________________________________________________ Wanted Religious freedom, and separation of church and state Peaceful opposition of the government Rise of Nationalism within Europe Believed _______________________________ German States __________________ Hungarians wanted their own government, rather than be ruled by the Austrian emperor. European powers feared these changes would upset the Balance of Power Tried to dispel nationalistic ideals

Citations Spielvogel, Jackson J. World History & Geography. Bothell: Mc. Graw-Hill Education, 2014. E-Book