Chapter 22 Nursing Management Visual and Auditory Problems

$Visual Problems Correctable refractive errors Myopia Ø Hyperopia Ø Presbyopia Ø Astigmatism Ø Aphakia$

Visual Problems (cont'd) Ø Nonsurgical corrections • Corrective glasses • Contact lenses • Corneal molding Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Visual Problems (cont'd) Ø Surgical Therapy • Laser LASIK PRK LASEK • Implant ICR Refractive IOL Phakic IOL • Thermal procedures LTK Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Uncorrectable Visual Impairment Levels of visual impairment Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc.

Nursing Management Visual Impairment Nursing assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Nursing implementation Health promotion Ø Acute intervention Ø Ambulatory and home care • Optical devices for vision enhancement • Nonoptical methods for vision enhancement Ø Evaluation Ø Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Fig. 22 -1 Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of

Gerontologic Considerations Visual Impairment Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate

Eye Trauma Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier

Extraocular Disorders Inflammation and Infection Hordeolum Chalazion Blepharitis Conjunctivitis Bacterial infections Ø Viral infections Ø Chlamydial infections Ø Allergic conjunctivitis Ø Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Fig. 22 -2 Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of

Extraocular Disorders Inflammation and Infection (cont'd) Keratitis Bacterial infections Ø Viral infections Ø Other causes of keratitis Ø Corneal ulcer Ø Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Fig. 22 -3 Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of

Nursing Management Inflammation and Infection Nursing assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Nursing implementation Health promotion Ø Acute intervention Ø Ambulatory and home care Ø Evaluation Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Dry Eye Disorders Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of

Strabismus Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Corneal Disorders Corneal scars and opacities Keratoconus Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc.

Intraocular Disorders Cataract Etiology and pathophysiology Clinical manifestations Diagnostic studies Collaborative care Nonsurgical therapy Ø Surgical therapy • Preoperative phase • Intraoperative phase • Postoperative phase Ø Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Fig. 22 -4 Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of

Nursing Management Cataracts Nursing assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Nursing implementation Health promotion Ø Acute intervention Ø Ambulatory and home care Ø Evaluation Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Gerontologic Considerations Cataracts Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of

Retinopathy Diabetic retinopathy Nonproliferative retinopathy Proliferative retinopathy Hypertensive retinopathy Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Retinal Detachment Etiology and pathophysiology Clinical manifestations Diagnostic studies Collaborative care Ø Surgical therapy • Laser photocoagulation and cryopexy • Scleral buckling • Intraocular procedures • Postoperative considerations in scleral buckling and intraocular procedures Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Fig. 22 -5 Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of

Age-Related Macular Degeneration Etiology and pathophysiology Clinical manifestations Collaborative care Copyright © 2007, 2004,

Glaucoma Etiology and pathophysiology Clinical manifestations Diagnostic studies Collaborative care Chronic open-angle glaucoma Ø Acute angle-closure glaucoma Ø Secondary glaucoma Ø Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Fig. 22 -6 Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of

Nursing Management Glaucoma Nursing assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Nursing implementation Health promotion Ø Acute intervention Ø Ambulatory and home care Ø Evaluation Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Gerontologic Considerations Glaucoma Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of

Intraocular Inflammation and Infection Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate

Enucleation Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Diseases Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an

Auditory Problems External Ear and Canal Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. ,

Trauma Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

External Otitis Etiology Clinical manifestations and complications Nursing management: External otitis Copyright © 2007,

Cerumen and Foreign Bodies in the External Ear Canal Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000,

Malignancy of the External Ear Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an

Middle Ear and Mastoid Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate

Acute Otitis Media Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of

Chronic Otitis Media and Mastoiditis Etiology and pathophysiology Clinical manifestations Complications Diagnostic studies Collaborative care Ø Surgical therapy Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Fig. 22 -7 Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of

Nursing Management Chronic Otitis Media Following tympanoplasty Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc.

Otitis Media with Effusion Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate

Otosclerosis Collaborative care Nursing management: Otosclerosis Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. ,

Inner Ear Problems Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of

Ménière’s Disease Nursing and collaborative management: Ménière’s disease Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby,

Labyrinthitis Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Acoustic Neuroma Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier

Hearing Loss and Deafness Types of hearing loss Conductive hearing loss Ø Sensorineural hearing loss Ø Mixed hearing loss Ø Central and functional hearing loss Ø Classification of hearing loss Ø Clinical manifestations Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Fig. 22 -8 Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of

Nursing and Collaborative Management Hearing Loss and Deafness Health promotion Environmental noise control Ø Immunizations Ø Ototoxic substances Ø Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Hearing Loss and Deafness (cont'd) Assistive devices and techniques Hearing aids Ø Speech reading Ø Sign language Ø Cochlear implant Ø Assisted listening devices Ø Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.