Chapter 22 Care of Infants Children and Adolescents

Chapter 22 Care of Infants, Children and Adolescents Delmar Learning Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Health Status of Children in the United States • 1 in 2 children lives in a single parent family • 1 in 3 children is born to unmarried parents • 1 in 3 children lives in poverty • 1 in 8 children is born to a teenage mother Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Health Care Coverage of Children • 10. 8 million children lack health care coverage Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Immigration Status • 14 million immigrant children • Risk factors Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Family-centered Nursing Perspectives • Family as basic unit of care • Social, economic, political, and cultural factors • Role of the community Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Developmental Processes • Definable, predictable, and sequential pattern • Growth • Maturation Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Basic Assumptions – Developmental Theory • • Childhood is the foundational period of life Growth and development are continuous Behavior is purposeful and goal directed Physical, cognitive, emotional, and social growth Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Fetal Development and Prenatal Care Priority • Teratogenic effects • Low birth weight • Prenatal risk assessment Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Medically Related Risk Factors • • Age Preexisting medical conditions Socioeconomic status Lack of access to care Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Medically Related Risk Factors • • • Diabetes mellitus/gestational diabetes Reproductive history Maternal infections Pregnancy induced hypertension Fetal and maternal abnormalities Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Psychosocial Factors and Health Behavior • • Maternal stress Maternal nutrition Cigarette smoking Substance abuse Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Environmental Hazards • • • Radiation Chemical waste Contaminated water Food additives Pollutants Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Indicators of Infant and Child Health Status • Infant mortality rate • Low birth weight and child health Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Nutritional Needs and Child • Infant Nutrition § Period of rapid growth and development • Recommendations § § Breast milk – first 4 to 6 months Semisolids at 4 to 6 months Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Toddler and Preschool Nutrition • Small portions of food • Finger foods • Balanced diet Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Nutrition of School-Aged Children • • Growth slows Eat less in proportion to size Balanced diet Monitor sugar intake Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Adolescent Nutrition • Rapid physical growth • Increased nutritional requirements • Encourage well-balanced meals Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Adolescent Nutritional Problems • Peer influence on nutritional intake • Obesity § Health-related risks Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Eating Disorders • Anorexia nervosa • Bulimia nervosa • Binge eating Community Health Nurse’s Role Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Immunization Recommendations • • Hepatitis B Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis H. Influenza Inactivated Polio Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Immunization Recommendations • • Pneumococcal Conjugate Measles, Mumps, Rubella Varicella Hepatitis A Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Dental Health • • Primary dentition Care of teeth Fluoride Common Dental Problems Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Guidelines for Selecting Child Care • Assess § § Child Care Provider Child Care Setting – § Safety Play/Learning Opportunities Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Family and Cultural Health Practices • Schools Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Major Child Health Problems • • • Failure to thrive Cigarette smoking Unintentional injury Lead poisoning Poverty Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Major Child Health Problems • Child abuse • Attention deficit/hyperactivity • Effects of television/media on child/adolescent health • Internet safety Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Interventions • Parenting education • Positive discipline guidelines Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Major Adolescent Health Problems • • Tobacco Violence Drug abuse Alcoholism/alcohol abuse Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Adolescent Health Problems • • Sexual activity HIV and AIDs Adolescent pregnancy Suicide Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Adolescents and Families • Parent – adolescent conflicts Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Adolescent Health Promotion Strategies • • Create caring environment Treat adolescent with dignity Promote positive family relationships Frequent communication Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company

Implications for Community Health Nursing Practice • Assessment and diagnosis • Planning and intervention • Evaluation Chapter 22 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company