Chapter 22 Becoming a World Power 1898 1917

Chapter 22 Becoming a World Power, 1898 -1917 Web

The United States Looks Abroad n Protestant missionaries n China received bulk of attention n Bring “civilization” to backward people n Businessmen n Search for export markets n Heightened by symbolic closing of the frontier in 1890 n Turner’s “Significance of the Frontier in American History”

The United States Looks Abroad (cont. ) n Imperialists n Expansion as route to world power n Some held Social Darwinist ideas n “Big navy” policy n n Stirrings of foreign interest n n Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power upon History Pago 1878 Samoa, 1899 Hawaii, 1893 Role of of jingoism

Leading U. S. Exports, 1875 and 1915 © 2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson

The Spanish-American War n Background in Cuban efforts to achieve independence from Spain n Yellow press sensationalized its coverage Reported atrocities on both sides n Unable to bring about U. S. intervention n n Official U. S. government policy n At first, tried to mediate a peaceful settlement and end to conflict n Mc. Kinley sent Maine to Havana harbor to protest U. S. citizens and property

The Spanish-American War (cont. ) n De Lôme letter outraged public opinion n Explosion/sinking of Maine further inflamed U. S. attitudes n Mc. Kinley finally asked for war in April 1898 n “A Splendid War” n U. S. secured easy victory n Largely because of its naval supremacy – U. S. took Philippines early in war n Army somewhat less prepared

The Spanish-American War (cont. ) – Role of “ Rough Riders” – Role of African-American troops n War itself lasted only four months n Paris Peace Treaty, 1898 n Spain relinquished Cuba n Spain ceded Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines to U. S. n U. S. Indemnity of $26 million to Spain

Spanish-American War in Cuba, 1898 © 2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

The United States Becomes a World Power n Mc. Kinley administration pursued imperialist course during war n Annexation of Hawaii n n Would follow path to eventual statehood Naval Base at Manila n n n Would be administered as colony Departure from tradition and history To prevent other countries from gaining foothold n Many reasons why administration chose course it did n Crux was beliefs Filipinos unsuited for self-government

American South Pacific Empire, 1900 © 2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Opposition to the Treaty of Paris n Anti-Imperialist Leaguer tried to defeat treaty n Appealed to many segments of society n n n Idealism Self-interest One vote beyond two-thirds necessary for ratification

War with Filipinos n Resulted from U. S. Ratification of Treaty of Paris n U. S. Action virtually indistinguishable from Spain’s in Cuba Thwarting self-rule n Engaging in Atrocities n n Philippines subdued in 1902; some fighting continued until 1913

U. S. Efforts to Control Cuba and Puerto Rico n Mc. Kinley administration did not want to relinquish Cuba n Platt Amendment, 1901 n n n Cuba could make no treaties with foreign powers U. S. had broad power to intervene in Cuba’s economic and political affairs Cuba would sell or lease land to U. S. for naval stations

U. S. Efforts to Control Cuba and Puerto Rico (cont. ) Cubans forced to comply because of dependence of sugar industry on U. S. markets n Essentially, Cuba became an American colony n n The situation was somewhat different in Puerto Rico n Annexed outright through Foraker Act (1900) n Congress could dictate policy n Constitutionality upheld in insular cases, 1901 -1904

China and the “Open Door” n Open Door notes to major world powers in 1899 n Non-military way to ensure U. S. access to markets of Asia n Europeans snot thrilled, but went along n Boxer Rebellion threatened all foreigners in China 1900 n Combined imperialist action to put rebellion down n Second set of notes, 1900 n Respect for Chinese territorial integrity and political independence n Took indemnities for Boxer Rebellion in cash, not territory

Theodore Roosevelt, Geopolitician n Roosevelt Corollary, 1904 n U. S. right to keep European powers from meddling in Western Hemisphere affairs n U. S. right to intervene to quell disorder and forestall European intervention n Soon employed in Venezuela and the Dominican Republic n Panama Canal n Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901) with Britain cleared way for U. S. canal

Theodore Roosevelt, Geopolitician (cont. ) n Hay-Herran Treaty (1902) with Columbia gave U. S. land grant for construction in Colombia’s province of Panama n n n Stalled, though, in winning assent in Colombia To break impasse over treaty, Roosevelt encouraged Panama to revolt against Colombia and then offered aid when it did Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) with Panama finalized land deal and payments’ Canal completed in 1914 U. S. compensated Colombia for loss of Panama in 1921 Canal placed in Panamanian hands in 2000 n Asia

Theodore Roosevelt Geopolitician (cont. ) Goals were preserving Open Door and maintaining balance of power n Portsmouth Treaty, 1905 n n Taft-Katsura Agreement, 1905 n n Ended Russo-Japanese War Favored Japan U. S. would allow Japan to dominate Korea in return for Japanese promise not to attack Philippines Root-Takahira Agreement, 1908 n U. S. recognized Japanese expansion into southern Manchuria Gentlemen’s Agreement to defuse San Francisco school crisis, 19077 n Great White Fleet world tour, with stop in Tokyo Bay n

United States Presence in Latin America, 1895 -1934 © 2004 Wadsworth, a division of

William Howard Taft, Dollar Diplomat n Came to Office with foreign affairs experience n No real grasp, though, of balance-of-power politics n Focused on expanding opportunities for corporate investment overseas n Reversals in Asia n Tried to wrest control of the South Manchurian Railroad from Japan through international syndicate n Pushed Japan into alliance with Russia

William Howard Taft, Dollar Diplomat (cont. ) n Pushed for greater openness in Central and South China n n Further hostile response from Japan and Russia Collapse of Chinese government and onset of Revolution in 1911 n More successes in Caribbean n Rise of United Fruit Company in Honduras and Costa Rica n Intervention in Nicaragua in 1910 to topple Zelaya regime n Again in 1912 to keep his successor in power – Remained almost continuously from 1912 to 1933

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Woodrow Wilson, Struggling Idealist n Caribbean policy initially seemed no different from predecessors Intervention in Haiti (1915 -1936) and Dominican Republic (1916) n Purchase of Virgin Islands n n Test of his leadership came with Mexico n Revolution brought Francisco Madero to power in 1910 n Over thrown by Victoriano Huerta in 1913 n n Had Madero assassinated Wilson refused to recognize what he called a “government of butchers”

Woodrow Wilson, Struggling Idealist (cont. ) – Demanded democratic election – Favored Venustiano Carranza and Francisco (“Pancho”) Villa n U. S. took hostile actions against Huerta’s government n n Occupied port of Veracruz Prevented docking of German ship bearing arms for the government Allowed Carranza to seize power Once in office, Carranza seemed to embark on anti-U. S. direction n Wilson then went back and forth between supporting Villa and Carranza – Ended up angering and alienating both On eve of World War 1, Wilson finally recognized Carranza’s government n Policies reinforced deep antagonism among Mexicans toward United States n Did reveal Wilson’s recognition of national self-determination n Web