Chapter 21 Reproductive System 2017 Cengage 2017 Learning

Chapter 21 Reproductive System © 2017 Cengage © 2017 Learning. Cengage All. Learning. Rights Reserved. All Rights. May Reserved. not be scanned, May not be copied scanned, copied or duplicated, or or duplicated, posted toor a publicly posted to accessible a publiclywebsite, accessible in whole website, or in in part. whole or in part.

Functions of the Reproductive System • Accomplish reproduction – Creation of new life • Manufacture hormones – Females – estrogen and progesterone – Males – testosterone © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Fertilization • • Coitus Sperm production Corona radiata Fertilization • Zygote • DNA © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Reproductive System • Phases of fetal development • Differentiation of reproductive organs • Organs of reproduction © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Female Reproductive System • • • Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina External female genitalia Breasts © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Figure 21 -9 Structures of the female reproductive system © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Menstrual Cycle • • Follicle stage Ovulation stage Corpus luteum stage or luteal phase Menstruation stage © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Menopause • When monthly menstrual cycle comes to an end • Commonly occurs between 45 and 55 years of age • End of childbearing, normal sex usually drive remains • Anatomical changes © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Male Reproductive System (1 of 2) • • Testes and epididymis Descent of the testes Scrotum Ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory ducts © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Male Reproductive System (2 of 2) • • • Penis Prostate gland Bulbourethral glands Semen Impotence/erectile dysfunction © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Erection and Ejaculation • Arousal stimulates nerve impulses causing erectile tissue to become engorged with blood • Blood entering the dilated arteries squeezes the veins against the penile tissue • With maximum stimulation of the seminal vesicles to the ejaculatory center, orgasm occurs © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Figure 21 -14 Structures of the male reproductive system © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Figure 21 -14 Structures of the male reproductive system © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Contraception • • Religious and ethnic group concerns Abstinence Reasons for avoiding pregnancy Methods of contraception © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Infertility (1 of 2) • When conception does not occur after trying for one year • Causes of infertility • Fertility drugs © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Infertility (2 of 2) • • In vitro fertilization (IVF) Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) Zygote intrafallopian transfer Donor eggs and embryos © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Effects of Aging in Females • Menopause • Decrease in estrogen and progesterone production • Narrowing of vaginal opening, loss of tissue elasticity, and a decrease in vaginal secretions • Atrophic changes © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Effects of Aging in Males • Sexual response is slower • Obtaining and maintaining an erection becomes more difficult • Prostate gland size increases, testes decrease in size, and sperm level decreases • Testosterone level decreases • Viscosity of seminal fluid diminishes © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (1 of 3) • • • Amenorrhea Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Dysmenorrhea Menorrhagia Endometriosis © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (2 of 3) • • • Fibroid tumors Breast tumors/cancer Endometrial cancers Ovarian cancer Cervical cancer © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Infections of the Female Reproductive System (3 of 3) • • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Salpingitis Toxic shock syndrome Vaginal yeast infections © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System • • • Epididymitis Orchitis Prostatitis Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) Prostate cancer © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) (1 of 2) • • • Also known as venereal disease Transmission Many be asymptomatic Prevention Chlamydia © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) (2 of 2) • Genital warts or human papillomavirus (HPV) • Gonorrhea • Genital herpes • Syphilis • Trichomoniasis vaginalis © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Human Growth and Development (1 of 2) • • • Infancy Toddler Preschool School age Adolescence © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Human Growth and Development (2 of 2) • Early adulthood • Middle adulthood • Older adulthood © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.