Chapter 21 Reproductive System 2009 Delmar Cengage Learning

Chapter 21 Reproductive System © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Objectives • Compare somatic cell division (mitosis) with germ cell division (meiosis) • Explain the process of fertilization • Identify the organs of the female reproductive system and explain their functions • Explain menopause and the changes that occur during this time • Describe the stages and changes that occur during the menstrual cycle • Identify the organs of the male reproductive system and explain their functions • List some common disorders of the reproductive system • Define the key words that relate to this chapter © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

The Reproductive System • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=QSN 5 gfbzgwc © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Functions of the Reproductive System • Accomplish reproduction – Creation of new life • Manufacture hormones – Females – estrogen and progesterone – Males – testosterone • Meiosis – Type of nuclear division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced to one half the number found in a body cell; results in the formation of an egg or sperm • Somatic (body) cells, in humans, contain 46 chromosomes in the nucleus © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

23 Pairs of Chromosomes © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Female and Male Chromosomes (The 23 rd Pair) © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Fertilization • Occurs when the sperm nucleus combines with the egg nucleus to form a fertilized egg cell, or Zygote • Fertilization restores the full complement of 46 chromosomes possessed by every human cell, each parent contributing one chromosome to each of the 23 pairs • DNA • All of the inherited traits possessed by the offspring are established at the time of fertilization • The sex chromosomes of the male parent determine the sex of the child but other characteristics are a combination of both parents © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Female Reproductive System • • • Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina External female genitalia • Breasts © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

External Female Genitalia © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Menstrual Cycle • • Follicle stage Ovulation stage Corpus luteum stage or luteal phase Menstruation stage © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Menopause • When monthly menstrual cycle comes to an end • Commonly occurs between 45 and 55 years of age • End of childbearing • Anatomical changes © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Male Reproductive System • • Testes and epididymis Ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory ducts Penis Prostate gland Bulbourethral glands Semen Erection and ejaculation Impotence/erectile dysfunction © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Male Reproductive System © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Contraception • Abstinence • Reasons for avoiding pregnancy • Methods of contraception © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Infertility • When conception does not occur after trying for one year • Fertility drugs • Infertility treatments – – In vitro fertilization (IVF) Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) Zygote intrafallopian transfer Donor eggs and embryos © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Effects of Aging – Female • Menopause • Declined estrogen and progesterone production • Narrowing of vaginal opening, loss of tissue elasticity, and a decrease in vaginal secretions • Atrophic changes © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Effects of Aging – Male • Sexual response is slower • Obtaining and maintaining an erection becomes more difficult • Prostate gland size increases, testes decrease in size and sperm level decreases • Testosterone level decreases • Viscosity of seminal fluid diminishes © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Disorders – Female Reproductive System • Amenorrhea • Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) • Dysmenorrhea • Menorrhagia • Endometriosis © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning • • • Fibroid tumors Breast tumors Endometrial cancers Ovarian cancer Cervical cancer

Infections – Female Reproductive System • • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Salpingitis Toxic shock syndrome Vaginal yeast infections © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Disorders – Male Reproductive System • • • Epididymitis Orchitis Prostatitis Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) Prostate cancer © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Sexually Transmitted Disease (STDs) • Also known as venereal disease – – – Chlamydia Genital warts or human papillomavirus (HPV) Gonorrhea Genital herpes Syphilis Trichomoniasis vaginalis © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Human Growth and Development • http: //education-portal. com/academy/lesson/principles-of-growth-and-development. html#lesson © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Human Growth and Development • • Infancy Toddler Preschool School-age Adolescence Early adulthood Middle adulthood Older adulthood © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning