Chapter 21 Reaching Out Expanding Horizons of CrossCultural

Chapter 21 Reaching Out: Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1

Patterns of Long-Distance Trade n n n Silk roads Sea lanes of Indian Ocean basin Trans-Saharan caravan routes – North Africa Development of trading cities, emporia Nomadic invasions cause local devastation but expand trade network q Example: Mongols in China, thirteenth century © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2

Marco Polo (1253 -1324) n n n Example of long-distance travel Traveled to China with merchant father, uncle Enters service of Mongol Khubilai Khan Returns to Venice after 17 -year absence Experiences recorded by fellow prisoner in Venice -Genoa conflict Great influence on European engagement with far east © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3

Marco Polo © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4

Political and Diplomatic Travel n n n Trade requires diplomatic relations after 1000 C. E. 1200 s: Mongols, Christians recognize Muslims as common enemy Pope Innocent IV invites Mongols to convert to Christianity q Mongols counter-offer: Christians accept Mongol rule or face destruction © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

Diplomatic Travelers n Rabban Sauma q q q Nestorian Christian priest sent to pope by Mongols in Persia, 1287, regarding proposed attack on Jerusalem Did not win European support 1295, new leader of Persia accepts Islam © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6

Diplomatic Travelers n Ibn Battuta (1304 -1369) q q Islamic scholar, worked in governments on extensive travel Strict punishment meted out according to sharia n n Lashes for drinking alcohol, hand amputations for theft Unable to convince women of Maldive Islands to cover breasts © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7

Ibn Battuta © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8

Travels of Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9

"Cubicles for patients were ranged round two courts, and at the sides of another quadrangle were wards, lecture rooms, library, baths, dispensary, and every necessary appliance of those days of surgical science. There was even music to cheer the sufferers; while reader of the Koran afforded the consolations of the faith. Rich and poor were treated alike, without fees, and sixty orphans were supported and educated in the neighboring school. “ Ibn Battuta on visiting Cairo, Egypt © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10

"In this town there is not a man left who knows anything of the science of grammar. “ Ibn Battuta on Basra, modern-day Iraq in the Ilkhanate of Persia © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11

"Byzantium in the 1330 s was a minor Greek state of southeastern Europe and little more. Its international trade had been abandoned to the Italians, its currency was almost worthless, its landlords were grinding the peasantry unmercifully, its army was an assemblage of alien mercenaries, and its Asian territories had been all but lost to the triumphant Turks. It was a state living on borrowed time and past glories. “ Ibn Battuta on visiting Constantinople © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12

"China was beautiful, but it did not please me. On the contrary, I was greatly troubled thinking about the way paganism dominated this country. Whenever I went out of my lodging, I saw many blameworthy things. That disturbed me so much that I stayed indoors most of the time and only went out when necessary. During my stay in China, whenever I saw any Muslims I always felt as though I were meeting my own family and close kinsmen. “ Ibn Battuta on China © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13

"They place fetters [ropes or chains] on their children if there appears. . . a failure to memorize the Koran, and they are not undone until they memorize it. “ Ibn Battuta on Mali "I have journeyed to the countries of the world and met their kings. I have been four months in your country without your giving me a reception gift or anything else. ” Ibn Battuta in Mali © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14

Missionary Travelers n n Sufi missionaries travel throughout new Muslim territories, 1000 -1500 C. E. Christian missionaries accompany, follow crusaders q q Roman Catholic priests travel east to serve expatriate communities John of Montecorvino travels to China in 1291 n Translates Biblical texts, builds churches © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15

Cultural Exchanges n n n Songs and stories – troubadours European scientists consulted with Muslim and Jewish counterparts on understanding of natural world Magnetic compass from China © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16

Spread of Crops n n Citrus fruits, Asian rice, cotton Sugarcane q q q Muslims introduce crystallized sugar to Europeans Demand increases rapidly Europeans use Muslim precedent of having large populations of slaves work on sugarcane plantations © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17

Gunpowder Technologies n n Muslims, Mongols spread gunpowder Technology reaches Europe by mid-thirteenth century © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18

Crisis and Recovery n “Little ice age, ” ca. 1300 C. E. q q Decline of agricultural output leads to widespread famine Bubonic plague spreads from southwest China n n Carried by fleas on rodents Mongol campaigns spread disease to Chinese interior © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19

© 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20

Spread of Plague n n Mongols, merchants, travelers spread disease west 1346 Black Sea ports 1347 Mediterranean ports 1348 western Europe © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 21

Symptoms of the Black Plague n Inflamed and discolored lymph nodes in neck, armpits, groin area q n n 60 -70% mortality rate, within days of onset of symptoms Extreme northern climates less affected q n Buboes, hence bubonic Winter hard on flea population India, sub-Saharan areas unaffected q Reasons unknown © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 22

Mommy, I have a bubo (booboo)!!! © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 23

Population Decline (millions) © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 24

Social and Economic Effects n n Massive labor shortage Demand for higher wages Population movements Governments attempt to freeze wages, stop serf movements q Riots result © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 25

Recovery in China: The Ming Dynasty n n n 1368: Yuan (Mongol) dynasty collapses, Mongols depart Emperor Hongwu – impoverished orphan raised by Buddhist monks, works through military ranks to become emperor Proclaims new Ming (“brilliant”) dynasty, 1368 -1644 q Political centralization brings recovery © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 26

Ming Centralization n n Reestablishment of Confucian educational system Execution of minister suspected of treason, begins tradition of direct rule by emperor Reliance on emissaries called mandarins Heavy reliance on eunuchs q n Sterile, could not build hereditary power base Centralized structure lasts through Qing dynasty to 1911 © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 27

Economic Recovery n n n Conscripted labor to repair, rebuild irrigation systems Promoted manufacturing of porcelain, silk Cultural revival q q Attempt to eradicate Mongol legacy by promoting traditional Chinese culture Emperor Yongle commissions 23, 000 -roll Encyclopedia © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 28

Recovery in Western Europe: State Building n n n China: centralized empire Europe: regional states Europe develops new taxes q q q n Italian states: bonds France: salt tax, sales tax England: hearth tax, head tax, plow tax Establish large standing armies q French Louis XI (1461 -1483) had army of 15, 000 © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 29

Spain n n 1469: Fernando of Aragon marries Isabel of Castile Major political and economic alliance Completes reconquista, expanded beyond Iberian peninsula to Italy 1492: expel remaining Moors (Muslims) from Granada - form Spanish state q n Muslims who stay are forced to convert, or become slaves or executed Funded Columbus’s quest for China – also 1492 © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 30

© 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 31

Ferdinand Isabella © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 32

Moors’ Expulsion from Granada © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 33

The Renaissance, Fourteenth to Sixteenth Century n n n “Rebirth” of classical culture Italian artists use perspective Work with real human anatomy and musculature q n Leonardo da Vinci (1452 -1519) Architecture: domed cathedrals q Imitation of Roman domes © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 34

Leonardo Da Vinci Last Supper Mona Lisa Self portrait

Leonardo Da Vinci (cont) Half Mona Lisa/Da Vinci Vitruvian Man – depiction of the ideal human

Renaissance architecture – St. Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican City, inside and outside. © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 37

The Humanists n n Humanities: literature, history, moral philosophy Renaissance humanists deeply devoted to Christianity – Christian Humanism q Desiderius Erasmus (1466 -1536) publishes critical Greek-Latin edition of New Testament – seeks to reform Catholic Church for the better © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 38

Desiderius Erasmus – father of Christian Humanism © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 39

Humanist Moral Thought n Rejection of monastic lifestyle in favor of morally virtuous life while engaged in the world q n Marriage, business Reconciliation of Christianity with rapidly changing European society and economy © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 40

Renaissance Europe and the Larger World n n Artists express interest in Byzantine, Asian worlds Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463 -1494) tries to reconcile Plato, Aristotle, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism q Illustrative failure © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 41

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 42

“The Prince” Group Project n n n Groups of 3 -4 Step 1: Get in groups Niccolo Machiavelli Step 2: read assigned chapter silently Step 3: write down 4 -5 tips for how a prince can gain and hold power based on the chapter Step 4: Group Collaboration – Discuss your chapter with colleagues Step 5: Combine tips with rest of group and design a poster © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 43

Exploration and Colonization n Ming dynasty hesitant to have large foreign populations q q n n Mongol experience Allowed small populations in port cities Yongle engaged Admiral Zheng He to mount seven massive naval expeditions, 1405 -1433 Placed trade under imperial control Demonstrated strength of Ming dynasty Successful, but aborted as Mongols presented new threat in the north © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 44

Artist’s depiction of Zheng He aboard his ship. Replica of Zheng He’s treasure ship in Nanjing © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 45

European Exploration in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans n n Motives: profit, missionary activity (Glory, God, and Gold) Portuguese early leaders in Atlantic exploration q q q Search for sea route to Indian Ocean basin 1415: Prince Henrique (Henry the Navigator) seizes Strait of Gibraltar Begins encouragement of major Atlantic voyages © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 46

Colonization of the Atlantic Islands n n n Madeiras, Azores Islands, etc. Investments in sugarcane plantations Exploration of west African coast Dramatically increases volume of slave trade Ultimately, some 12 million Africans deported to Americas for slave labor © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 47

Indian Ocean Trade n n Attempt to avoid using Muslim middlemen in trade with east 1488: Portugal’s Bartolomeu Dias sails around Cape of Good Hope q n n 1497 -1499: Vasco da Gama sails this route to India and back – 1 st European to reach India Portuguese gun ships attempt to maintain trade monopoly Beginnings of European imperialism in Asia © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 48

Christopher Columbus n n Search for western sea route to Indian Ocean Portuguese consider his proposal impractical, reject it Fernando and Isabel of Spain underwrite voyage; departs in 1492 Makes landfall in Salvador q Believed he had reached islands off coast of Asia © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 49

Chinese and European Voyages of Exploration, 1405 -1498 © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 50

Zheng he’s Baochuan vs. Columbus’s Santa Maria © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 51