Chapter 21 Population and The Environment 1 Demography

Demography: the study of population • Demography (人口學): the scientific study of population. •

• This periodic investigation is supplemented by vital statistics; these records of births,

• Life expectancy: the median number of years a person can be expected

World Population Patterns • Demographic transition: is the change from high birth rates and

The Environment • Air Pollution • Water Pollution • Contamination of Land • Kyoto

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Chapter 21 Population and The Environment 1

Demography: the study of population • Demography (人口學): the scientific study of population. • Sociologists are interested in various elements of population: such as fertility, mortality, and migration. • A census (普查) is an enumeration or counting of a population. The constitution of the US requires that a census be held every 10 years to determine 2 congressional representation.

• This periodic investigation is supplemented by vital statistics; these records of births, deaths, marriages and divorces are gathered through a registration system maintained by governmental units. • Birth-rate is the number of live births per 1, 000 population in a given year. (total fertility rate) • Death rate is the number of deaths per 3 1, 000 population in a given year. (infant

• Life expectancy: the median number of years a person can be expected to live under current mortality conditions. • Growth rate: the difference between births and deaths, plus the difference between immigrants (those who enter a country to establish permanent residence) and emigrants (those who leave a country permanently) per 1, 000 population. 4

World Population Patterns • Demographic transition: is the change from high birth rates and death rates to relatively low birth rates and death rates. A three-stage process: 1. Pre-transition stage 2. Transition stage 3. Posttransition state • • A population pyramid (人口金字塔): a special type of bar chart that distributes the population by gender and age. It is generally used to illustrate the population structure of a society. Zero Population Growth (ZPG): is the state of a population in which the number of births plus immigrants equals the number of deaths plus 7

The Environment • Air Pollution • Water Pollution • Contamination of Land • Kyoto Protocol (1997): more than 160 nations gathered for resolving the issue of climate change (greenhouse effect). • Environmental justice: a legal strategy based on claims that racial minorities are subjected disproportionately to 9 environmental hazards.