Chapter 21 Nursing Assessment Visual and Auditory Systems

Structures and Functions of the Visual System Structures and functions of vision Eyeball Ø

Fig. 21 -1 Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of

Fig. 21 -2 Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of

Fig. 21 -3 Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of

Structures and Functions of the Visual System (cont'd) External structures and functions Eyebrows, eyelids,

Fig. 21 -4 Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of

Structures and Functions of the Visual System (cont'd) Internal structures and functions Iris Ø

Gerontologic Considerations Effects of Aging on the Visual System Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000,

Assessment of the Visual System Subjective data Ø Important health information • Past health

Assessment of the Visual System (cont'd) Ø Functional health patterns • Health Perception–Health Management

Assessment of the Visual System (cont'd) Objective data Ø Physical examination • Initial observation

Fig. 21 -5 Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of

Fig. 21 -6 Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of

Assessment of the Visual System (cont'd) • Assessing structures Eyebrows, eyelashes, and eyelids Conjunctiva

Assessment of the Visual System (cont'd) Special assessment techniques Color vision Ø Stereopsis Ø

Diagnostic Studies of the Visual System Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. ,

Structures and Functions of the Auditory System External ear Middle ear Inner ear Ø

Fig. 21 -7 Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of

Gerontologic Considerations Effects of Aging on the Auditory System Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000,

Assessment of the Auditory System Subjective data Ø Important health information • Past health

Assessment of the Auditory System (cont'd) Ø Functional Health Patterns • • • Health

Assessment of the Auditory System (cont'd) Objective data Ø Physical examination • External ear

Fig. 21 -8 Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of

Fig. 21 -9 Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of

Diagnostic Studies of the Auditory System Tests for hearing acuity Tuning-fork tests Ø Audiometry

Diagnostic Studies of the Auditory System (cont'd) Specialized tests Ø Test for vestibular function

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Structures and Functions of the Visual System Structures and functions of vision Eyeball Ø Refractive media Ø Refractive errors Ø Visual pathways Ø Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Structures and Functions of the Visual System (cont'd) External structures and functions Eyebrows, eyelids, and eyelashes Ø Conjunctiva Ø Sclera Ø Cornea Ø Lacrimal apparatus Ø Extraocular muscles Ø Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Structures and Functions of the Visual System (cont'd) Internal structures and functions Iris Ø Lens Ø Ciliary body Ø Choroid Ø Retina Ø Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Assessment of the Visual System Subjective data Ø Important health information • Past health history • Medications • Surgery or other treatments Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Assessment of the Visual System (cont'd) Ø Functional health patterns • Health Perception–Health Management Pattern • Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern • Elimination Pattern • Activity-Exercise Pattern • Sleep-Rest Pattern • Cognitive-Perceptual Pattern • Self-Perception–Self-Concept Pattern • Role-Relationship Pattern • Sexuality-Reproductive Pattern • Coping–Stress Tolerance Pattern • Value-Belief Pattern Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Assessment of the Visual System (cont'd) Objective data Ø Physical examination • Initial observation • Assessing functional status Visual activity Extraocular muscle functions Pupil function Intraocular pressure Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Assessment of the Visual System (cont'd) • Assessing structures Eyebrows, eyelashes, and eyelids Conjunctiva and sclera Cornea Iris Retina and optic nerve Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Assessment of the Auditory System Subjective data Ø Important health information • Past health history • Medications • Surgery or other treatments Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Assessment of the Auditory System (cont'd) Ø Functional Health Patterns • • • Health Perception–Health Management Pattern Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern Elimination Pattern Activity-Exercise Pattern Sleep-Rest Pattern Cognitive-Perceptual Pattern Self-Perception–Self-Concept Pattern Role-Relationship Pattern Sexuality-Reproductive Pattern Coping–Stress Tolerance Pattern Value-Belief Pattern Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Assessment of the Auditory System (cont'd) Objective data Ø Physical examination • External ear • External auditory canal and tympanum Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Diagnostic Studies of the Auditory System Tests for hearing acuity Tuning-fork tests Ø Audiometry • Screening audiometry • Pure-tone audiometry Ø Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.