Chapter 21 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 21

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Chapter 21 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 21. 1 Components of Nucleic Acids General,

Chapter 21 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 21. 1 Components of Nucleic Acids General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 1

Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are § molecules that store information for cellular growth and

Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are § molecules that store information for cellular growth and reproduction § deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) § large molecules consisting of long chains of monomers called nucleotides General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 2

Nucleic Acids (continued) The nucleic acids DNA and RNA are comprised of monomers called

Nucleic Acids (continued) The nucleic acids DNA and RNA are comprised of monomers called nucleotides that consist of a § base with nitrogen § pentose sugar § phosphoryl group General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 3

Bases The bases in DNA and RNA are § pyrimidines C, T, and U

Bases The bases in DNA and RNA are § pyrimidines C, T, and U § purines A and G General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 4

Bases in DNA and RNA DNA contains the bases § Cytosine (C) § Guanine

Bases in DNA and RNA DNA contains the bases § Cytosine (C) § Guanine (G) same in both DNA and RNA § Adenine (A) § Thymine (T) different in DNA and RNA contains the bases § Cytosine (C) § Guanine (G) same in both DNA and RNA § Adenine (A) § Uracil (U) different in DNA and RNA General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 5

Pentose Sugars The pentose (five-carbon) sugar § in RNA is ribose § in DNA

Pentose Sugars The pentose (five-carbon) sugar § in RNA is ribose § in DNA is deoxyribose, with no O atom on carbon 2′ § has carbon atoms numbered with primes to distinguish them from the atoms in the bases General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 6

Nucleosides A nucleoside § has a base linked by a glycosidic bond to C

Nucleosides A nucleoside § has a base linked by a glycosidic bond to C 1′ of a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) § is named by changing the end of the base name to osine for purines and idine for pyrimidines General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 7

Formation of a Nucleoside A nucleoside forms when a sugar combines with a base.

Formation of a Nucleoside A nucleoside forms when a sugar combines with a base. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 8

Nucleotides A nucleotide § has a phosphoryl group attached to the C 5′ —OH

Nucleotides A nucleotide § has a phosphoryl group attached to the C 5′ —OH group of a nucleoside § is named using the name of the nucleoside followed by -5′-monophosphate General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 9

Formation of a Nucleotide A nucleotide forms when the —OH on C 5′ of

Formation of a Nucleotide A nucleotide forms when the —OH on C 5′ of a sugar in a nucleoside bonds to hydrogen phosphate. 5′ Phosphate and deoxycytidine General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 5′ Deoxycytidine monophosphate (d. CMP) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 10

Nucleotides of Purines General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Nucleotides of Purines General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 11

Nucleotides of Pyrimidines General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Nucleotides of Pyrimidines General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 12

Names of Nucleosides and Nucleotides General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson

Names of Nucleosides and Nucleotides General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 13

AMP, ADP, and ATP § Adding phosphate groups to AMP forms the diphosphate ADP

AMP, ADP, and ATP § Adding phosphate groups to AMP forms the diphosphate ADP and the triphosphate ATP. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 14

Learning Check Give the name and abbreviation for the following molecule, and list its

Learning Check Give the name and abbreviation for the following molecule, and list its base and sugar. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 15

Solution Give the name and abbreviation for the following molecule, and list its base

Solution Give the name and abbreviation for the following molecule, and list its base and sugar. Guanosine-5’-monophosphate (GMP) Base: guanine Sugar: ribose General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 16