Chapter 21 Economic Advance Social Unrest 18301850 Barricade

Chapter 21: Economic Advance & Social Unrest 18301850 Barricade on the rue Soufflot 1848 painting by Horace Vernet.

Section 1: Industrial Society in Europe n population and migration – population explosion in Europe leads more and more people to live in the cities n life is tough in the city – inadequate housing and sanitation, disease and crime n in rural areas serfdom is abolished in Prussia, Austria and Russia

Railroads n n In what ways did railways epitomize the character of the industrial economy during the second quarter of the 19 th century? railways built in England, Belgium, France, and Germany easier and faster movement of people and products birth of even more industrialization (iron and steel industries)

Section 1: Toward an Industrial Society & Irish Potato Famine n Why was the failure of the potato crop such a disaster for Ireland? How did the famine affect the Irish population? “Bridgit O’Donnel & her Family” 1849

Section 1: Irish Potato Famine From wikipedia. org

Map 21– 1 EUROPEAN RAILROADS IN 1850 A mid-century Britain had the most extensive rail network, and the most industrialized economy, in Europe, but rail lines were expanding rapidly in France, the German states, and Austria. Southern and eastern Europe had few railways, and the Ottoman Empire had none.

Section 2: The Labor Force 1. 2. 3. How did industrialism change European society? How was the European labor force transformed into a wage labor force? What was the first large-scale European working-class political movement? What were its goals?

Labor n n split of work force – some held steady jobs with good wages, others were the working poor who held jobs with low wages and poor conditions wage-labor force – proletarianization – workers labor becomes a commodity of the labor marketplace ¨ n n the factory owner supplies the materials, while the workers contribute their labor for a wage ¨ laborers subjected to rules, punishments, and scoldings (lateness, drunkenness etc) guild system – an association of merchants or craftsmen that offered protection to its members and set rules for their works and products confection – goods, such as shoes, are produced in standard sizes rather than specifically for one customer ¨ led to more division of labor ¨ sometimes less wages and worker unrest

In the 1830 s and 1840 s, the Chartists circulated petitions throughout Britain demanding political reform. Here the petitions are being taken to Parliament in a vast ceremonious procession. Museum of London

n British Chartism ¨ I. III. IV. V. VI. n Chartism – workers in Britain looking for social reform Six Points of the Charter: Universal Male Suffrage Annual Election of the House of Commons Secret (Australian) Ballot Equal Electoral Districts Abolition of Property Qualification to Vote or Hold Office Pay Salaries to Members of the House of Commons – never passed by Parliament ¨ split of Chartists between those who advocated violence and those who wanted to use peaceful means movement ends in 1848, when economy improves drastically in Britain The Great Chartist Meeting on Kennington Common, London 1848.

Section 3: Family Structure & the Industrial Revolution Early Factory System and the Family n n n in the early factory system, roles in the family stayed mainly the same / fathers employed their wives and children newer, easier to use machines lead to the employment of unmarried women and children in the factories wages for skilled laborers becomes high enough that some children are able to leave the factory and go to school

Child Labor n n The English Factory Act of 1833 – forbade employment of children under nine and limited work day to nine hours for children between 9 -13. education requirement (factories had to provide two hours of education) starts the process of nurturing children from the home to the classroom 1847 – Parliament passes a ten-hour workday due to finding wage employment in the same city as their parents, children remained living at home longer than before

Section 4: Women in the Early Industrial Revolution-The Industrial Revolution / Women’s Roles n could be associated with domestic duties as housekeeping, food preparation, child rearing and nurturing and household management n or in unskilled cottage industries (mostly single or widowed women 0

The Industrial Revolution / Opportunities for Women in Employment n n women in the factories – women mostly young, unmarried, or widows working low-skilled jobs, who would leave of they got married women at home or on the land ¨ in France – largest group of women work on the land ¨ in England – largest group of women work as domestic servants ¨ many due to low wages turn to prostitution as a second job

The Working Class Marriage n women would leave the workforce to live on her husband’s earnings once married n marriage less of an economic partnership n married women only worked outside the home when forced to n women took care of the home, not just for the wage-earning husband, but the children as well

n n n Classical Economists Thomas Malthus – contended in his Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) – that population would outstrip food supply making conditions of working class worse David Ricardo – Principles of Political Economy (1817) – saw viscous cycle in which wages were raised, population would increase, labor market would expand, lowering wages and producing fewer children. Jeremy Bentham – believed in utilitarianism – greatest happiness for the greatest amount of people ¨ Poor Law – set out to make poverty the least desirable of all social situations / reformed workhouses ¨ repeal of Corn Laws – tariffs in Britain abolished as that would lower food prices and wages at no real cost to the worker

Section 7: Early Socialism Count Claude Henri de Saint. Simon Robert Owen Charles Fourier

Section 7: Early Socialism n n n What were three sources of Marxism? How is Marxism/Communism more radical than Socialism? Why did Marx view history as a class struggle between the bourgeois & the proletariat? What did he believe would be the inevitable result? How did he believe it could be attained?

Utopian Socialists – often advocated for the creation of ideal communities and questioned capitalism n n Count Claude Henri de Saint-Simon –did not want to redistribute wealth, but rather have it managed by experts – a large group of directors organizing and coordinating the activity of individuals and groups to achieve social harmony Robert Owen – saw no incompatibility between a humane industrial environment and a good profit ¨ n envisioned communities where people factory and farm workers lived together and shared their resources ¨ New Harmony, Indiana – fails due to quarrels amongst workers Charles Fourier – advocated the construction of phalanxes – agrarian communities where people did different tasks everyday, instead of the same task over and over again

Anarchists – rejected both industry and the dominance of government n Auguste Blanqui – called for the violent overthrow of capitalism n Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – peacefully advocated for mutualism – a system of small businesses would have a cooperation and exchange of goods based on mutual recognition of the labor

n n Karl Marx and Marxism Karl Marx – believed class conflict will eventually lead to the triumph of the industrial proletariat over the bourgeoisie and the abolition of private property and social class – becomes to be known as Marxism Friedrich Engels ¨ published The Condition of the Working Class in England – presented a devastating picture of working conditions in industrial life ¨ joined with Marx to write Communist Manifesto – called for more radical change then socialism – the outright abolition of private property, rather than just the redistribution

The Revolutions Of 1848 “The Springtime of Peoples” Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Prince Metternich Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY 1815: We have redrawn Europe’s map for eternity.

1848 n a series of liberal and nationalistic revolutions occur in response to food shortages, unemployment, and poor working conditions n Revolutions occur in France, Austria, Italian and German states

Revolution in France n n n liberal revolution – led by Louis Blanc wanted a social and political revolution ¨ an election of the General Assembly based on universal man suffrage leads to the election of moderates and conservatives ¨ revolution is put down by conservative troops, killing nearly 3, 500 people Louis Napoleon – the election of “Little Napoleon” leads to a dictatorship in which Louis is crowned Emperor Napoleon III. Frenchwomen (1848) – feminists demand full domestic equality, right to serve in the military and voting rights, but are defeated, not allowed to participate in politics and the movement is eradicated by 1852.

The Hapsburg Empire n n The Vienna Uprising – the abolishment of serfdom by the Hungarian diet quells the Hungarian independence movement The Magyar Revolt ¨ ¨ n n Magyars wanted to establish a separate Hungarian state with local controls, while still under the emperor fails as Romanians, Croatians and Serbs who would have been under Magyar rule, prefer to be with the Hapsburgs to preserve their national identity Czech Nationalism – Czech nationalists wanted a unified Slavic state, but their nationalistic efforts are repressed by the Germans and the middle class rebellion in Northern Italy – a revolt against Hapsburg domination leads to war in 1848 -1849 / In August 1849 helped by the Russians, the revolt is finally crushed

Italy: Republicanism Defeated n n Nationalists wanted a united Italian state under Pope Pius IX radicals however wanted a republican form of government / radicals led by ¨ Giuseppe Mazzini n n ¨ Giuseppe Garibaldi radicals are defeated by the nationalists and by French forces Pope Pius IX – renounces his liberalism and becomes arch conservative

Germany: Liberalism Defeated n Revolution in Prussia ¨ ¨ n Frederick William IV – announces Prussia will help unify Germany, ending the Prussian monarchy Frederick and his conservative supporters ignore the liberals and put in three class voting – based on tax classes - only 5% of the population elected one-third of the Prussian Parliament The Frankfurt Parliament – intended to write a moderately liberal constitution for a united Germany ¨ ¨ ¨ marked a split between German liberals and German working class wanted a unified Germany, with Prussian leadership William IV of Prussia rejects German unification and the Parliament dissolves

Not Really: Centers of Revolution in 1848 Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

FRANCE

Louis Philippe, “The Pear, ” 1848 Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Louis Blanc n n A Social Democrat. He believed in the “Right to Work. ” ¨ National n n Provide work for the unemployed. Financial Crisis ¨ Flight Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Workshops. of capital. ¨ Stock market crashes [55% decline]. ¨ New 45% increase of

The “June Days” n Worker groups in Paris rose up in insurrection. Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY ¨ They said that the government had betrayed the revolution. n Workers wanted a redistribution of wealth. ¨ Barricades n n in the streets. Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables was based on this event. A new liberal-conservative coalition formed to oppose this lower class radicalism.

Paris: To the Barricades Again! Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

The 2 nd French Republic (1848 -1852) n General Louis Cavaignac assumed dictatorial powers & crushed the revolt. ¨ 10, 000 dead. ¨ A victory for conservatives. n The Republic by Jean-Leon Gerome Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Nov. , 1848 a new constitution provided for: ¨ An elected President. ¨ A one-house legislature.

President Louis Napoleon n The December election: ¨ The “law and order” candidate, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, defeated Cavaignac. ¨ This was a big shift in middle class opinion to the right! n The New President: ¨ Purged the govt. of all radical officials. n Replaced them with ultra-conservative and monarchists. ¨ Disbanded the National Assembly and held new elections. n Represented himself as a “Man of the People. ” ¨ His government regularly used forced against dissenters.

Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY 1851 Coup d’Etat n n n President Louis Napoleon declared a hereditary 2 nd French Empire. A national plebiscite confirmed this. Assumes title of Napoleon III

The Revolution of 1848 Original Presentation by Riverside Community College

Revolution of 1848 n Causes ¨ Liberals from middle class demand rights ¨ Economic slowdown ¨ Poor harvests ¨ Nationalism among European minorities

Europe, 1848

Revolution of 1848 n France ¨ Ruled by Louis Philippe since 1830 ¨ Working class demonstrate in Paris Original Presentation by Riverside Community College

Revolution of 1848 n Second Republic declared ¨ Louis n Napoleon Bonaparte Second Empire ¨ Declared 1852 himself Emperor Napoleon III in

Napoleon III

Revolution of 1848 n Austria ¨ Nationalism ¨ Vienna among minorities student uprising Original Presentation by Riverside Community College

Revolution of 1848 n Austria ¨ Magyar Revolt ¨ Czech Revolt ¨ Revolt in Northern Italy

Vienna Uprising

Revolution of 1848 n Italy ¨ Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi ¨ Revolutions put down by French troops Original Presentation by Riverside Community College

Mazzini and Garibaldi

Pope Pius XI

Revolution of 1848 n Germany ¨ Revolution in Prussia ¨ Reforms Original Presentation by Riverside Community College

Berlin Uprising

Revolution of 1848 n Germany ¨ The Frankfurt Assembly ¨ Attempt to unify Germany ¨ Unsuccessful

Frankfurt Assembly Original Presentation by Riverside Community College

Conclusion Unrest throughout Europe caused Revolution of 1848 n Liberals desired greater political participation n Nationalities demanded independence n Conservatives manage to put down rebellions n Original Presentation by Riverside Community College

The HAPSBURG EMPIRE Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

The Austrian Empire: 1830 Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Vienna, 1848: The Liberal Revolution n n The “February Revolution” in France triggered a rebellion for liberal reforms. March 13 rioting broke out in Vienna. ¨ The Austrian Empire collapsed. n n n ¨ Metternich fled. Constituent Assembly met. Serfdom [robot] abolished. The revolution began to wane. Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY n The revolutionary government failed to govern effectively.

The New Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I [r. 18481916] Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

The Hungarian Revolution Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Lajos Kossuth (1802 -1894) n n n Hungarian revolutionary leader. March laws provided for Hungarian independence. Austrians invade. ¨ Hungarian armies drove within sight of Vienna! n n n Slavic minorities resisted Magyar invasion & the Hungarian army withdrew. Austrian & Russian armies defeated the Hungarian army. Hungary would have to wait until 1866 for autonomy.

Tsar Nicholas I (r. 1825 -1855) n He raised an army of 400, 000 in response to a request from Franz Joseph. ¨ 140, 000 put down the Hungarian revolt. Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Bohemia, 1848 n n Bohemia was split between Pan-Slavs & Pan-Germans. Prague Conference: Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY ¨ Developed the idea of Austro-Slavism. n n A constitution & autonomy within the Habsburg Empire. The Austrian military ultimately attacked Prague, occupied Bohemia & crushed the rebellion. The Prague Barricades

Revolution in Romania Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Italy Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Upheaval in Italy, 1848 n n n Italian nationalists and liberals sought to end foreign domination of Italy. Milan, Lombardy & Venetia wanted to expel their Austrian rulers. Bourbon rulers in Kingdom of Two Sicilies. House of Savoy in Sardinia-Piedmont grant liberal constitutions. ¨ Sardinia-Piedmont declared war on Austria. Beginning in May, revolutions suppressed. Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Italy, 1848 n n n Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Giuseppe Mazzini established a Roman Republic in 1849 protected by Giuseppe Garibaldi. Pope Pius IX forced to flee. Austrian General Radetsky crushed Sardinia-Piedmont. French troops take back the Papal States. Victor Emmanuel II takes the throne in Sardinia-Piedmont.

Reasons for Failure in Italy n Rural people did not support the revolutions. ¨ Revolutionaries middle classes. n Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY focused mainly on urban The revolutionaries were not united. ¨ Fear of radicals among moderates lead to the collapse of the revolutions. n Lack of leadership and administrative experience among the revolutionaries.

Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY The German States

Germania - 1848 Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Frederick William IV of Prussia (1840 -1861) n n Mad as a hatter! Anti-liberal, but an ‘Arthurian’ medieval romantic. ¨ Agricultural n Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY n romantic. Relied on Junker support. Prussia in the mid 19 c: ¨ Efficient. ¨ Good economy.

The Frankfurt Assembly n n German liberals are overjoyed! German National Assembly established in Frankfurt: ¨ Universal suffrage. ¨ Delegates mostly from the middle class. ¨ Debate over the nature of the state monarchy of Habsburgs or Hohenzollerns? ¨ They Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY chose the Austrian Habsburg Archduke John rather than the King of Prussia. n n He was a well-known liberal sympathizer. But they couldn’t guarantee the loyalty of the Prussian Army.

Frankfurt Assembly Meets Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

The “Three Germanies” Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Prussian Resurgence n n n The Prussian army moved to crush the new Polish Grand Duchy. The Prussian parliament disagreed with the Frankfurt Parliament. The Prussian army invaded Schleswig-Holstein (at Frankfurt’s request). ¨ Horrified international liberal opinion. ¨ Britain & Russia threatened war with Prussia. ¨ Prussia agreed to its own peace with Denmark. Used with permission from n The Prussian army abandoned the Frankfurt government. Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

n n n Austria & Prussia Reassert Control Austria re-gained control of Vienna. Frederick William deposed the Berlin parliament. The Frankfurt Assembly offered the emperorship to Frederick William. ¨ He declined. ¨ Radicals took to the barricades again. ¨ The Prussian army crushed all resistance. ¨ April, 1849 the Assembly collapsed. Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

A New German Confederation n Used with permission from Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY n n Frederick William IV of Prussia was still interested in ruling a united Germany. 1850 the German Confederation was re-established at Olmutz. But, Frederick was forced to accept Austrian leadership of Central Europe.