Chapter 2 The Revolutionary War and the War

Chapter 2 The Revolutionary War and the War of 1812

Colonialism and Restricted Trade n n n Colonialism Monopoly Navigation Act French and Indian War Proclamation of 1763

Colonialism n Colonies supplied England with raw materials. England would manufacture the raw materials and sell them back to the colonies as a finished product.

Monopoly n Market in which there is only one supplier.

Navigation Act n Required that only English ships were allowed to carry goods to and from the colonies.

Restricted Rights n n Writs of Assistance Illegal Goods

Writs of Assistance n Search warrants that gave customs officials the right to search anywhere for illegal goods.

Illegal Goods n Goods bought or sold without being taxed.

French and Indian War n n A. K. A. Seven Years War Great Britain and France fought each other for control of North America. British soldiers and colonists fought the French and their Native American allies, the Algonquins and the Hurons. The British formed an alliance with the Iroquois nations, enemies with the Algonquins.

Proclamation of 1763 n The British informed the settlers that they could not move West because the colonies had to respect the rights of the Native American nations.

Taxation Without Representation n n n Sugar Act Stamp Act Sons of Liberty Boycott Daughters of Liberty Townshend Act

Taxation Without Representation n Colonists were not allowed to have representatives in the British Parliament, so each tax became law without their consent.

Sugar Act n n Tax on molasses. Lowered the tax on molasses, but British troops strictly enforced the law.

Stamp Act n n Tax on all paper items Colonists had to pay a tax on their legal documents, newspapers, playing cards, etc. First tax placed directly on the colonists. Was eventually repealed.

Sons of Liberty n Secret group of colonists who came together to organize a boycott, refusing to buy British goods.

Daughters of Liberty n Weaved their own cloth, so they would not have to buy it from Britain.

Townshend Act n Though Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, it established a tax on all imported glass, paper, lead, and tea sold to the colonies.

Other Events Leading to Colonial Separation n n n Crispus Attucks Boston Massacre Samuel Adams Boston Tea Party Patriots Intolerable Acts First Continental Congress

Crispus Attucks n n Free black sailor who was active in the sons of liberty. Was one of the five colonists killed in the infamous “Boston Massacre. ”

Boston Massacre n n On March 5, 1770, things came to a head when colonists shouted insults at the troops at the Boston Customs House. For some reason, a soldier heard the word “Fire!” and began firing on the colonists standing there. In all, there were 5 colonists killed. Infuriated by this action, colonists held the British soldiers responsible and called this event the Boston Massacre.

Samuel Adams n Leader of the Boston Tea Party.

Boston Tea Party n On December 16, 1773, Samuel Adams and other sons of liberty dressed up as Native Americans and boarded ships carrying tea. They cut open the crates of tea with their tomahawks and threw the tea into Boston Harbor. This action became known as the Boston Tea Party.

Patriots n Colonists who wanted independence from Britain.

Intolerable Acts n n Included forcing citizens to house British soldiers in their homes, shut down the port of Boston to shipping, restricted town meetings to once per year, and ordered that British high officers charged with major crimes should be tried in courts of Great Britain. Came as a result of the Boston Tea Party

First Continental Congress n At this congress, colonial leaders agreed to boycott all British goods and to stop exporting colonial goods to Britain until the acts were repealled.

The Revolutionary War Begins n n n n n Patrick Henry Minutemen Paul Revere Revolutionary War Second Continental Congress John Adams Battle of Bunker Hill George Washington Olive Branch Petition Prohibitory Act

Patrick Henry n His “Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death!” speech (March 1775) aroused colonial leaders to revolt against Britain and fight for freedom.

Minutemen n Volunteer soldiers who were ready to fight a a moments notice.

Paul Revere n Rode on horseback through town shouting “The British are coming, the British are coming. At this warning, the minutemen rushed to Lexington.

Revolutionary War n n Shortly before midnight on April 18, 1775, about 700 British soldiers left Boston on their way to Concord. They intended to confiscate the weapons stored there by the colonists. When Paul Revere saw the soldiers coming, he warned that the British are coming. At this warning, the minutemen rushed to Lexington, a town between Boston and Concord. The British forces met the minutemen at Lexington on the morning of April 19. Sources do not agree on who fired the first shot, but with this battle, the Revolutionary War began. British soldiers were forced to retreat, and suffered 73 casualties and 200 wounded soldiers by the time they returned to Boston

Second Continental Congress n n n Met May 10, 1775 Moderate members wanted to negotiate a compromise with Britain Radical members, led by John Adams and his cousin Samuel Adams, called for independence even if it meant war.

John Adams n Led radical members of the second continental congress, who called for independence even if it meant war

Battle of Bunker Hill n The British suffered heavy casualties even though the Patriots ran out of ammunition

George Washington n n The congress unanimously chose Washington as commander because he supported colonial independence, he was a strong leader, and as a Virginian, he would help unite the southern colonies with the rebellion in New England On July 3, 1775, he arrived in Cambridge to take charge of the rag tag band of militiamen

Olive Branch Petition n n Sent on July 8, 1775 Was one last peace proposal to King George III

Prohibitory Act n n King George III’s response to the Olive Branch Petition. Declared that the colonist were in a state of rebellion and empowered royal officers and loyal subjects to “bring the traitors to justice. ”

Declaration of Independence n n Became the foundation for a new American government that guaranteed life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Principles: 1). All men are created equal 2). All people have certain unalienable (given at birth) rights 3). Government exists only by the consent of the governed 4). Government must be changed if it becomes unjust Written by Thomas Jefferson and signed on July 4, 1776 Inspired the colonists to fight for freedom from England

Summary of Factors Leading to Colonial Separation from England n n n n Colonialism Navigation Acts Writs of Assistance The Stamp Act Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts

Major Battles in the Revolutionary War n n n Battles of Lexington and Concord Battle of Bunker Hill Battle of Saratoga Valley Forge Yorktown, Virginia Guerilla War Tactics

Battles of Lexington and Concord n n Began the war April 19, 1775

Battle of Bunker Hill n n British officers suffered heavy loses even though the Patriots ran out of ammunition June 17, 1775

Battle of Saratoga n n When the French decided to enter the war to fight for the colonists independence October 17, 1777

Valley Forge n n n Where Washington trained his tired and poorly equipped troops. With the help of other foreign generals, Washington was able to instill discipline and lift morale during the winter. Winter 1777 -1778

Yorktown, Virginia n n The final blow dealt to the British War effort. September – October 1781

Guerilla War Tactics n When the soldiers would strike quickly and then disappear into the woods or swamps

Treaty of Paris n n Signed on September 3, 1783 The British recognized the independence of the United States, as well as the border of the new nation

The War of 1812 n n Impressment Embargo Tecumseh and The Prophet James Madison

Impressment n The British and French were fighting each other on open seas. They would frequently take sailors from U. S. ships and force them to serve in the British or the French Navy. As a result, the U. S. refused to ship goods to either nation.

Embargo n n Napoleon, leader of France, agreed to stop impressing sailors from the U. S. As a result, the U. S. dropped its embargo (prohibitory entry or departure of ships) of French goods and opened trade with France.

Tecumseh and The Prophet n n Two Native American Shawnee leaders, who organized many native tribes and allied themselves with the British Canadians in case of war with the U. S. They were brothers

James Madison n n Decided that war with Britain was necessary for the good of the U. S. On June 18, 1812, Congress agreed with Madison and declared war on Great Britain

Important Battles in the War of 1812 n n Battle of Horseshoe Bend Battle of Fort Mc. Henry The Treaty of Ghent Battle of New Orleans

Battle of Horseshoe Bend n n With the help of the Cherokee nation, Andrew Jackson defeated the Creeks, Tecumseh’s allies of the South. As a result, the Creeks had to give up much of their land to the U. S. March 27, 1814

Battle of Fort Mc. Henry n n n British gave up their attack on the well defended fort. At the scene of this battle, Francis Scott Key wrote “The Star Spangled Banner, ” which later became the national anthem of the U. S. September 13, 1814

The Treaty of Ghent n n n The U. S. and Great Britain negotiated to end the war with the Treaty of Ghent. The treaty did not address any of the reasons for which the countries went to war December 24, 1814

Battle of New Orleans n n n Andrew Jackson’s troops suffered 71 casualties (soldiers wounded or killed) while the British suffered over 2, 000 This victory gave people in the U. S. great Pride in their country and made Andrew Jackson a hero January 8, 1815

Consequences of the War n n n The U. S. and Great Britain agreed to return their land boundaries to pre -war agreements Other European nations recognized the rights of the U. S. as a nation. Even though there was not a clear winner of the war, the U. S. proved that it could defend itself. Feelings of nationalism (devotion to one’s country) grew in the people of the U. S. New England Federalists had been so angered by the war they had talked of seceding. The victory at the Battle of New Orleans and the Treaty of Ghent embarrassed the Federalists and resulted in the end of their political party The manufacturing industry grew in the U. S. The lack of manufactured goods from Britain during the war pushed the U. S. to develop its own industries.