Chapter 2 The Muslim World Expands Chapter 2

Chapter 2 The Muslim World Expands Chapter 2 Notes August 30, 2016

Turks Move into Byzantium • Many Anatolian Turks saw themselves as Ghazis (Warriors for Islam) • Formed military societies • Lived under an Islamic code of conduct • Raided territories of frontiers of the Byzantine Empire

• Most successful ghazi was Osman. People in the west called him Othman. • His followers were called______? • Built small Muslim state in Anatolia • Land was expanded buying, settling, and conquering • Military success based on gunpowder (musket) • Among first people to use cannons

• Second Ottoman leader Orkhan 1, declared himself Sultan, meaning overlord or one with power. • In 1361 the Ottomans captured Adrianople the second most important city in the Byzantine Empire • Ottomans ruled smartly. Did so through local officials appointed by Sultan which improved the lives of peasants. • Had to serve in Turkish armies and make contributions (required by faith) • Non Muslims did not have to serve in army but paid a small exemption tax.

• Timur the lame a rebellious warrior and conqueror from Samarkand in Central Asia. • Called this because of arrow in his leg injury • He burned Baghdad to the ground • Defeated many Ottoman forces and halted expansion for several years

• Timur turned attention to China • This caused war to break out among 4 sons of Ottoman Sultan • Mehmed 1 beat brothers and took throne. His son Murad 2 will become 1 of the 4 most powerful sultans to ever live. • His son Mehmed 2 Conquered Constantinople first to do so! 7 week battle. • Dragged ships over hill to other side of the city then sandwiched the city! Bombarded them with cannon fire!

Suleyman the Lawgiver • Suleyman was known as Suleyman the great! Know as amazing military leader. • Went down Africa capturing costal city after city • Eventually turned eyes to Europe and pushed all the way into Austria. • Become most powerful monarch on earth. • Charles 5 th only large rival

• Created a law code to help those through criminal and civil issues. • Simplified and limited taxes. • Improved overall lives of conquered people • The Sultans 20, 000 personal slaves staffed his palace bureaucracy • He established the idea of Devshirme – drafting conquered Christians into his personal army/guard. • Converted them to islam • Trained them to be assassins

• Created 30, 000 of these elite assasins called Janissaries • All these got education, training, and a perfect life. • But had sworn oath of loyalty to Sultan

Cultural Flowering • Studied all the liberal arts • Employed architects to build beautiful buildings • Created schools, public bath houses, libraries, and housing. • He inspired painters and artists.

Decline of the Empire • He killed one of his sons • Drove another son into exile • Gave his incompetent third son Selim 2 the throne • Became customary for each new sultan to have his brothers strangled • Keep sons imprisoned and cut off from the world