Chapter 2 The Chemical Basis of Life Power

Chapter 2 ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ The Chemical Basis of Life ﺍﻷﺴﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ Power. Point Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Lecture by Richard L. Myers Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

ELEMENTS, ATOMS, AND MOLECULES ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

WATER’S LIFE-SUPPORTING PROPERTIES ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 3 ﺍﻟﺒــﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟــﺚ The Molecules of Cells ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ Power. Point Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Richard L. Myers Translated by Nabih Baeshen

Lactose intolerance People who are Lactose Intolerance can digest food that contain lactose (such as ice cream) by taking pills that contain the enzyme lactase

3. 1 Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ § A chain of carbon atoms is called a carbon skeleton § ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻲ – Carbon skeletons can be branched or unbranched – ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻲ ﺃﻮ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻔﺮﻉ – Therefore, different compounds with the same molecular formula can be produced – ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ – These structures are called isomers – ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ Animation: L-Dopa Animation: Carbon Skeletons Animation: Isomers Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

CARBOHYDRATES ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

PROTEINS Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ

3. 14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ § Two or more polypeptide chains (subunits) associate providing quaternary structure § ﺗﺘﺤﺪ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﺃﻮ ﺃﻜﺜﺮ ) ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ( ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﺘﻴﺪ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﺃﻮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﻲ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ – Collagen is an example of a protein with quaternary structure – ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻼﺟﻴﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ – Its triple helix gives great strength to connective tissue, bone, tendons, and ligaments – ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻟﻸﻨﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻷﻮﺗﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﺮﺑﻄﺔ Animation: Protein Structure Introduction Animation: Primary Protein Structure Animation: Secondary Protein Structure Animation: Tertiary Protein Structure Animation: Quaternary Protein Structure Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

NUCLEIC ACIDS ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Dehydration Short polymer Monomer Hydrolysis Longer polymer