Chapter 2 Psychology Psychodynamic psychologists Behavioural psychologists Humanist

Chapter 2: Psychology

• • Psychodynamic psychologists Behavioural psychologists Humanist psychologists Cognitive psychologists

Psychodynamic Psychologists

Sigmund Freud: (1856 – 1939)

• Founder of Psychology (Austria) • Psychodynamic theory: an approach to therapy that focuses on resolving a patient’s conflicted conscious and unconscious minds. • Psychoanalytic theory: all human behaviour is influenced by early childhood and that childhood experiences influence the unconscious mind throughout life.

Human mind is divided into two parts: • conscious mind: memories we recall • Unconscious mind: harbours memories we cannot recall • more powerful influence on human behaviour • Had to “unlock” the unconscious mind and explore memories to treat patients with mental disorders. • At first he did this through hypnosis. • Then moved on to free association: list words, respond with the first thing that comes into your mind, this would show your unconscious mind.

• Unconscious mind speaks to us in dreams. The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) • Outlined dream analysis techniques • Dreams understood personality

3 elements of human mind.

id: pleasure-seeking element (devil on your shoulder) – primitive parts of personality, like aggression and sexual drive. – Can lead to be self-destructive (tempt us to sleep in or skip classes) super-ego: urges us to do good things to obtain positive results (angel on your shoulder) • work for personal success (study for a test) • the moral centre of the mind ego: referees between id and superego • judges right from wrong, urges us to strive for perfection. • Represents the rational part of the mind which is called the “reality principle”.

Defence mechanisms: • techniques that the human mind uses to deal with anxiety and maintain self esteem. denial: • refusing to acknowledge your own problem behaviour. displacement: • shifting anger and frustration over a situation or person to a less threatening object. repression: • removing damaging experiences from conscious memory. *if you use all the time you may lose touch with reality. • Big in development of psychiatry: study and medical treatment of mental disorders.

Carl Jung (1875 – 1961)

• • Swiss psychoanalyst Founded analytical psychology Worked with Freud but broke away Did some word association Expanded the idea of unconscious mind: Personal aspect: unique to individual Collective aspect: shared by all and more important. He found that certain images and symbols tended to appear over and over again. Jung determined that these types of people, behaviours and personalities were universal archetypes of the collective unconscious. • Read section on page 61 about archetypes.

• • • Originated concept of psychological functions: sensation (uses the five senses) intuition (uses perception) thinking (uses reason) feeling (uses emotion) – 2 ways people use psychological power: – introverts: look inward into themselves, emotionally self-sufficient and do not need close personal relationships to give them reassurance and confidence. – extroverts: draw closer to others, are outgoing and more comfortable in a large group of friends. • Read p. 62 section on personality and the Myers Briggs model.

Behavioural Psychologists

Ivan Pavlov: (1849 – 1936)

• • • Russian medical doctor before behavioural psychologist. 1904 – Nobel Prize in Medicine. Conditioned behaviour Interested in relationships between stimulus and response Unconditioned response: the natural response to an unconditioned stimulus ex. Salivating • Unconditioned stimulus: a stimulus that naturally triggers a response ex. Food triggering salivating • Conditioned stimulus: an originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus • Conditioned response: the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus • Could stimulus and response relationships be used to teach animals new behaviours? Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) • Food in dog’s mouth = Salivating Unconditioned Response (UCR) • natural reaction that requires no learning Conditioned Stimulus (CS) • Bell ringing, food given Conditioned response (CR) • Still salivated when no food was given

• Behaviour can be manipulated with right kind of stimulus. • Humans react positively or negatively to sound, smell, or a behaviour that has rewarded us (money, acceptance, admiration, self-worth) • Consistent across species • Observable behaviour vs mind’s internal structure • See diagram on page 65.

B. F. Skinner (1904 – 1990)

• Operant conditioning: a type of learning that uses rewards and punishments to achieve desired behaviour • The Skinner Box is designed to have a bar/button/lever on one wall that when pressed, causes a little mechanism to release food. • The rats in the box kept pressing the bar and hoarded food in the corner. When the food stopped coming, the rat stopped pressing the bar. • This is called extinction: the diminishing of a conditioned response due to the lack of reinforcement. • Ex. Gorillas and the red button, birds that can play the piano, all pet training. Standing for Oh Canada, raising your hand in class, dogs and the kettle. • These techniques are used today to treat anxiety, phobias and panic disorders by slowly desensitizing the patient over time until the reaction stops. • P. 66 Q 1, 2 • In Focus: Is it Ethical to experiment on Animals? P. 67 Q 2

Humanist Psychologists

• Psychodynamic and behaviourist theories were big in the first half of the century, it then changed to humanist psychology that focused on the patient relationship idea of therapy. • Instead of relying on therapist’s interpretation, the patient should be involved in their own recovery. • Humanism rejected the idea of experiments and favoured diary accounts, questionnaires and interviews.

Abraham Maslow (1908 – 1970)

• Considered a founder of humanist psychology. • Known for his Hierarchy of Needs that describes his theory of motivation. • Each need must be met before moving on to the next one.

• Problems with this theory: • not supported in scientific, experimental research. • Other factors could affect motivation (values, conditioning) • Why do you have to move step by step? • Self-actualized individuals were only highly educated white males.

Viktor Frankl (1905 – 1997)

• Frankl’s approach to theory and therapy were shaped by his experiences in Auschwitz – a Nazi concentration camp in WWII. • Conditions were poor and provided little hope for survival. • He observed from his fellow prisoners that those who survived shared a common trait: they had meaning in their lives. Some had loved ones they hoped to reunite with, some have projects to finish, some had great faith.

• Logotherapy: a form of psychotherapy that tries to help the patient find the aim and meaning of his or her own life as a human being without accessing the medical aspect of mental health. • He believed that everyone has an inborn inclination to seek the meaning of their existence. • Everyone has the freedom of will. You can choose how you will respond to situations thereby having the power to shape your own life.

Carl Rogers (1902 – 1987)

• Client-centred therapy: a humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which the client plays an active role. • Each person has the potential to realize their own growth in self-awareness and selffulfillment. • Focuses on the present and future, rather than the past. • Gives more value to the conscious thoughts, rather than unconscious.

Cognitive Psychologists

• Cognitive psychology is the study and application of how the brain learns. • Cognitive psychologists believe in and consider mental states, such as beliefs, motivations and desires. • Often worked with behavioural psychologists.

Albert Bandura (1925 -)

• He wondered why the same situation could generate different responses from different people or even the same person. • social-cognitive theory: a perspective on personality that takes the person’s motivation, environment, and behaviour into account. His theory can be used to predict and change individual and group behaviour. • The Bobo doll experiment • Bandura believed that people learn behaviour by watching and then imitating others. • A group of children watched a video in which an adult acted aggressively toward a rubber Bobo doll by punching, kicking and even hitting it with a mallet. • The children were allowed one at a time, to interact with the doll. There were other toys in the room as well, some aggressive, some non aggressive. • The children behaved just as aggressively toward the Bobo doll, and some used toy guns to attack Bobo, although the adult did not use these items. • A second group of children did not watch the aggressive video and were allowed to play with the same toys. They were less likely to act aggressively toward the doll and were not as interested in the other aggressive toys.

The Bobo doll experiment • Bandura believed that people learn behaviour by watching and then imitating others. • A group of children watched a video in which an adult acted aggressively toward a rubber Bobo doll by punching, kicking and even hitting it with a mallet. • The children were allowed one at a time, to interact with the doll. There were other toys in the room as well, some aggressive, some non aggressive. • The children behaved just as aggressively toward the Bobo doll, and some used toy guns to attack Bobo, although the adult did not use these items. • A second group of children did not watch the aggressive video and were allowed to play with the same toys. They were less likely to act aggressively toward the doll and were not as interested in the other aggressive toys.

Elizabeth Loftus (1944 -) • Read p. 72 – 73. In your own words, describe her studies on false memories. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive development Worksheet. Erikson’s Psychosexual Crisis Stages

CBC’s The Nature of Things: The Brain that Changes Itself • www. youtube. com/watch? v=x. FJYUzs. XCS E&list=PL 77 A 7359 E 49522204&INDEX=1