Chapter 2 Origins of American Government The Framers

Chapter 2: Origins of American Government The Framers of the U. S. Constitution drew on their personal beliefs and their knowledge of political ideas from a variety of historical and contemporary sources to create a representative democracy.

Do Now What country colonized the 13 colonies in North America? How do you think this nation influenced the development of American democracy?

Learning Goals OBJECTIVES (STUDENTS WILL LEARN…) vwhich American political ideas derived from an English political heritage. vhow colonial governments gave English colonists experience in self-rule. vwhat intellectual influences shaped the development of American political philosophy. ESSENTIAL QUESTION What events led to the development of American democracy?

English Political Heritage ØRepresentative Government(People have a say) ØBicameral: 2 chamber legislature. ØLimited Government (Government has strict Limits) ØMagna Carta: King John gave up some power in order to raise money. ØIndividual Rights (Gov’t protect individuals’ rights) ØPetition of Right: Monarch needs Parliament’s approval to raise taxes. ØEnglish Bill of Rights: Monarch can’t pass laws, form an army, or raise taxes w/out Parliament.

Group Activity, Pt. 1 1. Move your desks into groups of three. 2. The king of your country is relinquishing power to a Parliament. You have to decide whether you want your parliament to be unicameral or bicameral. 3. You and your group will decide whether you will support the unicameral or bicameral parliament and give reasons for your groups decision.

The English Colonies Fundamental Orders of Connecticut ◦ Limited government’s power & gave all free men the right to choose judges. Types of English Colonies ◦ Proprietary Colony ◦ Grant of land from monarch to a proprietor who financed the colony. ◦ Royal Colonies ◦ Directly controlled by the king through an appointed governor. ◦ Charter Colonies ◦ Operated under charters agreed to by the colony & king.

Group Activity, Pt. 2 Your group needs to create a catchy slogan that will stick with your fellow countrymen and persuade them to support your idea.

Intellectual Influences q. Republicanism q. Citizen participation, the public good, and civic virtue q. Judeo-Christian Influences q. Individual rights have a divine nature (Jewish & Christian) q. Enlightenment Thinkers q. John Locke: The Second Treatise on Government q. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract q. Adam Smith: The Wealth of Nations q. Voltaire: Freedom of Speech & Religion q. William Blackstone: Commentaries on the Laws of England

Group Activity, Pt. 3 1. Your group now must create a propaganda poster supporting your position on either unicameral or bicameral parliament. Include pictures and your slogan on the poster. 2. Share your poster with the rest of the class, while trying to persuade your fellow English classmates.

Section 2: American Independence THE BRITISH IMPOSED NEW POLICIES ON THEIR AMERICAN COLONIES, SPARKING REBELLION AND, IN TIME, THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.

Do Now Make a list of events that led to the American Revolution and explain what happened in those events.

Learning Goals OBJECTIVES (STUDENTS WILL LEARN…) ESSENTIAL QUESTION Øhow the British colonial policies lead to American independence. How did disagreements Øthe aims of the Continental with the British set the Congresses. stage for the future Øwhich ideas and events inspired the governmental system of Declaration of Independence. the U. S. ? Øhow the first state governments reflect the conflict that led to the American Revolution.

The Road to Independence v. Early Attempts at Unity v. New England Confederation: Defensive alliance against Native Americans. v. Iroquois Confederation: Alliance of 6 Native American nations. v. Albany Plan of Union: Council of representatives appointed by colonies led by a Britain to control trade, raise armies, build settlements, and equip fleets. v. The Stamp Act v. Parliament’s first attempt to tax the colonists directly to pay for defense against Native Americans.

The Continental Congresses First Continental Congress ◦ Colonial delegates met in Philadelphia to respond abuses of authority by the British. Second Continental Congress ◦ Created the Continental Army under the leadership of George Washington. Common Sense by Thomas Paine ◦ Pamphlet persuasively made the case for a break with England.

Declaration of Independence Written by a 5 member Committee ◦ John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Robert Livingston, Roger Sherman, and Thomas Jefferson. ◦ Ideas from the Virginia Declaration of Rights, and John Locke’s Social Contract Theory. Adopted July 4, 1776 ◦ 12 -0 (New York abstained till the 9 th)

The State Constitutions Self-Government ◦ Republican gov’ts…some let women and free African American men vote. Separation of Powers ◦ 3 branches of gov’t with none more powerful than the others. Limited Government ◦ Elections, term limits, and separation of power. Individual Rights ◦ 7 states created a Bill of Rights to protect citizens’ rights.

Group Activity §Split into two groups on either side of the room. §One group will be pro-Albany plan and the other will be anti-Albany plan. §First, individually think of at least 5 reasons to support your side. §Join as a group and create a list of top 5 reasons to support or reject the Albany plan. §Volunteer will read out your group’s top 5. §Take a whole classroom vote on whether to accept or reject the Albany plan.

Exit Slip 1. In 1643 four English colonies united as the ____________ to defend against attacks from Native Americans and nearby Dutch colonies. 2. During the French and Indian War, Great Britain urged its colonies to sign a treaty with the ____________, an alliance of Native American nations. 3. Delegates to the Second Continental Congress organized a militia and unanimously voted ___________ to be the militia’s commander. 4. Thomas Paine wrote a 47 -page political pamphlet called ____________ that inspired widespread support for independence in the colonies. 5. In writing the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson was influenced by ____________’s ideas about government and natural rights.

Sec. 3: Articles of Confederation The states’ first attempt to build a national government, the Articles of Confederation, proved too weak to last.

Do Now What is a confederal system of government and what could be some of its possible weaknesses?

Learning Goals OBJECTIVES(STUDENTS WILL LEARN…) Øhow the first national government was organized under the Articles of Confederation. Øwhat the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation were. Øwhat events convinced some American leaders that a stronger national government was needed. ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did the Articles of Confederation reflect the colonists’ fear of monarchy?

First National Government Articles of Confederation ◦ The nation’s first constitution. Ratified ◦ Formally approved by all states. Delay in Ratification ◦ Fight over western lands. Powers of the National Government ◦ No Executive, No national courts, all changes unanimous. State Powers ◦ All powers rested with states unless mentioned in the Articles of Confederation.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Weaknesses of the Articles Can’t carry out Congress’s laws. Rely on state courts. Couldn’t levy taxes Couldn’t repay war debts Couldn’t pay soldiers 9/13 states had to agree to pass anything 7. States could mint their own money.

Pressures for Stronger Government Northwest Ordinance ◦ Plan on settling Northwest territories. ◦ Admitting new states ◦ Banned slavery ◦ Bill of rights Dangers & Unrest ◦ Inability to pay war debts ◦ States flouted (ignored) national laws Shay’s Rebellion ◦ Massachusetts farmers rebelled over losing their lands. Calls to Revise the Articles ◦ Handle commerce disputes between states.

Assignment v. Read the Declaration of Independence v. Answer the Questions on the last page on a separate sheet of paper. v. Due next class!

Sec. 4: The Constitutional Convention Delegates at the Constitutional Convention compromised on key issues to create a plan for a strong national government.

Do Now Write a four sentence paragraph on compromise. In this paragraph, you should explain why you think compromise is vital in politics.

Learning Goals OBJECTIVES (STUDENTS WILL LEARN…) ESSENTIAL QUESTION owhy the Constitutional Convention drafted a new plan for government. ohow the rival plans for the new government differed. owhat other conflicts required the Framers to compromise. What was the original purpose of the 1787 Constitutional Convention?

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Drafting a New Constitution The Convention Meets ◦ May 25, 1787 (Philadelphia, PA) ◦ 12 colonies sent delegates (RI didn’t) Framers of the Constitution ◦ Framers: The delegates to the Constitutional Convention ◦ Benjamin Franklin ◦ Alexander Hamilton ◦ James Madison ◦ William Paterson ◦ Edmund Randolph ◦ Roger Sherman

Rival Plans v. The Virginia Plan (Edmund Randolph) v 3 Branches v. Checks & Balances v. Bicameral Legislature based on state’s population v. The New Jersey Plan (William Patterson) v. Unicameral Legislature based on one vote per state. v. Strong Central Government

Conflict & Compromise ØGreat Compromise ØCombined elements of the New Jersey & Virginia Plans. ØBicameral Legislature ØHouse of Representatives by population ØSenate (Each state gets 2 senators) ØCompromises over Slavery Ø 3/5 th Compromise: Each slave counts as 3/5 th person. ØPresidential Election ØElectoral College: State electors choose President from state’s popular vote. ØTies are decided by the House of Representatives.

Partner Activity 1. Find a partner 2. Decide if you would be Pro-New Jersey Plan or Pro. Virginia Plan. 3. Create a flyer/banner showing your support. ◦ Should contain a Slogan/ Catchphrase ◦ Drawing or picture of some sort 4. Due in 10 minutes.

Exit Slip 1. Plan proposed at the Constitutional Convention that declared that 3/5 th of the enslaved people in a state be counted when determining the state’s population. 2. Plan proposed at the Constitutional Convention that called for a unicameral legislature with equal representation from each state. 3. Plan proposed at the Constitutional Convention that called for a bicameral legislature with equal representation in the Senate and representation based on state population in the House. 4. Plan proposed at the Constitutional Convention that called for a government with three separate branches including a bicameral legislature with representation based on each state’s population or wealth. 5. Proposed the New Jersey Plan. 6. Proposed the Virginia Plan.

Sec. 5: Ratification & the Bill of Rights Before the Constitution could take effect, a heated debate between those in favor of the Constitution and those who opposed it took place in all the states.

Do Now List as many amendments in the Bill of Rights that you can. Explain those amendments that you were able to list.

Learning Goals OBJECTIVES (STUDENTS WILL LEARN…) • what the main points of disagreement were between the Antifederalists and the Federalists. • the main arguments made by the authors of the Federalist Papers. • why the Bill of Rights were important to the ratification of the Constitution. ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why were the people who supported the Constitution known as Federalists?

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Antifederalists vs. Federalists §Antifederalists § Opposed the Constitution § Constitution betrayed ideals of the Revolution § President too similar to the King § Constitution didn’t have a Bill of Rights §Federalists § Supported a powerful & vigorous national gov’t. § National gov’t. would unite the country. § Fix problems of Articles of Confederation § Provide a strong national defense.

The Federalist Papers Publius ◦ Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, & John Jay teamed up to write articles defending the Constitution under this name. Federalist Papers ◦ Defended the principles underlying the Constitution, such as balancing against factions, promoted checks & balances & separation of powers to limit gov’t. authority & preserve liberty.

The Fight for Ratification Winning over the States ◦ Not all states agreed with the set up of the new Constitution. Small states signed quicker due to Senate representation. Bill of Rights ◦ 10 Amendments that protect such rights as freedom of speech, press, and religion as well as due process protections, such as the right to a fair trial and trial by jury.

Exit Slip Antifederalists , Patrick Henry, Federalists, Bill of Rights, the Federalist Papers 1. The Antifederalists believed the Constitution would provide a strong national government for the United States. __________________________________ 2. The Framers’ strongest criticism of the Constitution was that it did not have a bill of rights. __________________________________ 3. The Federalists wrote a series of essays called Common Sense to defend the principles behind and win support for the Constitution. __________________________________ 4. James Madison attempted to convince the Virginia ratifying convention to reject the Constitution. __________________________________ 5. To secure ratification of the Constitution, the Federalists promised to add the Federalist Papers to the document. ______________________________