Chapter 2 OrganizingDisplaying Data 2 1 Bar Circle

Chapter 2 Organizing/Displaying Data 2. 1 Bar, Circle and Time-Series Graphs

Exploratory Data Analysis EDA is a method of studying data that uses stem/leaf plots and histograms. It allows for exploration, pattern finding, and observation of extreme values. EDA is used when you have general data but are not sure where it might lead or you have few prior assumptions. This is opposed to an experiment where specific data is collected (perhaps with controls) and the observer has particular questions in mind.

Bar Graphs Segmented bar chart

Bar Graphs Vertical or horizontal Quantitative or Qualitative Data Bars of uniform Width and uniform spacing between Lengths represent values of variables, frequency of occurrence or % of occurrence Labeled, titled, scales Sometimes scales on sides are general but you will also see a label on top of a bar to give more specific information You can change the scale by putting in a “break” on the vertical axis.

Area Principle The area occupied by a part of a graph should correspond to the magnitude of value it represents. Otherwise, the picture can be misleading even though it is labeled correctly.

2000 Average amount spent on 1990 Holiday Gifts per child 1980 1970 50 100 150 200

Pareto charts

Circle Graphs (i. e. Pie charts)

Circle Graphs (i. e. Pie Charts) Each wedge displays proportional part of total population (that is, the percentage that give a particular answer or share a characteristic) OK for qualitative data.

Time Series Graph (Time Plot)

Time Series Graph (Time Plot) Data plotted in sequential order Data sequencing is at regular intervals Time Series Data must be collected for thre same variable for the same subject at regular intervals over a period of time. NASDAQ, NYSE, Rainfall, etc are examples of Time Series Data

Be Careful!! Make sure your graph is actually saying something… Some examples of poor graphs

Resources wme. cs. kent. edu/kimpton/img/b. png www. nifl. gov/readingprofiles/FT_Introduction. htm www. statcan. ca/. . . /power/ch 9/bargraph/bar. htm http: //blogs. ittoolbox. com/eai/implementation/archives/now-with-the-pareto-charts-11915 http: //www. quadbase. com/espressreport/help/manual/Charting 5. html http: //www. newsandtech. com/issues/2007/01 -07/nt/01 -07_cornish. htm http: //www. statcan. ca/english/edu/power/ch 9/piecharts/pie. htm http: //justinsomnia. org/2006/04/bloglines-subscription-stats-just-check-your-httpd-access-logs/ http: //www. appiananalytics. com/solutions/report_automation_gallery. htm http: //trmm. gsfc. nasa. gov/trmm_rain/Events/malaysia_time_series. graph. gif http: //news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/4276473. stm http: //www. env. gov. bc. ca/wat/wq/trendstuff/9 trends/9 locations-06. html http: //www. sapdesignguild. org/resources/diagram_guidelines/DIAGRAMS/Segm. SR. GIF

2. 2 More Data Display Histograms, Frequency Tables and Contingency Tables

Displaying data by counts Sometimes there is a lot of data. One way to evaluate data is to list the counts, or how many times a particular answer is given. Imagine if the senior and junior class are asked to choose their favorite car color out of three choices. One way to show that data is a Contingency Table.

Contingency Table Also called a Two Way Table A contingency table is a way to display and analyze the relationship between 2 (or more) sets of categorical data. Red Blue Silver TOTAL Female 41 62 33 136 Male 59 22 50 131 TOTAL 100 84 88 267 Grand Total Marginal Total If the data is given as percentages, it may be called a two way frequency table. Marginal Total

Histograms

Histogram Great way to evaluate large quantities of data Bars touch Width of bars represent a quantitative value (the class) Height indicates frequency (how many individuals give a response in each particular class) Some books call the bars bins

Types of Histograms Uniform/Rectangular Histogram Symmetric Histogram Bimodal Histogram Skewed Left/Right Histograms

Frequency Table A frequency table is used to organize data for drawing the histogram. Class category or interval Class Width of particular interval Class Frequency # of tally marks for a particular class Lower/Upper Class Limit lowest/highest data value that can fit in a particular class Lower Class Limit + Class Width Smallest Value for next class Class Boundaries Upper class boundary = UCL + ½ Lower Class Boundary = LCL - ½ Class Midpoint LCL + UCL 2

How to make a Histogram 1. Make a frequency table a) b) c) d) e) Determine # of classes and class width Find LCL and UCL Tally data and find CF Class Width = Largest Data Value – Smallest Data Value Find midpoints Desired # of Classes Find boundaries 2. Put class Boundaries on horizontal axis, Frequencies on Vertical axis 3. Draw a bar with width extending between Class boundaries, whose height = that particular class frequency

TI 83 Enter the data by hand into L 1 – press “STAT”, “EDIT” and start typing into List 1. Hit “ 2 nd” “Stat. Plot”; Turn“ON” the stats plot on Plot 1 and select the histogram picture. The TI 83 should automatically select the correct list. If it doesn’t, change it by typing in “ 2 nd” and then the list name you want (see above the number keys for the lists) Hit Graph – you will see a histogram. Go to window and change the xscale to the class width and that forces it to match your choice of classes. “Trace” then allows you to see class information.

Excel Enter all the data by hand. Select “Tools”, “Data Analysis”, “Histogram” (it might need to install the data analysis package – do it) Input range is your range of data values Output range is the list that you create somewhere else in your table that lists the maximum value for each class. This will force it to make the # of classes you want. Then click OK. It will put it on another worksheet in your file.

Ogive An Ogive is a dot plot that shows the accumulation at each level.

Resources http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Histogram http: //www. statcan. ca/english/edu/power/ch 9/histograms/histo. htm http: //www. aivosto. com/project/help/pm-charts. html www. tcnj. edu/~rgraham/rhetoric/statistics. html http: //www. ncsu. edu/scivis/lessons/variation/varlab 2. html http: //mayoresearch. mayo. edu/mayo/research/cpor/tip 2. cfm

2. 3 Stem/Leaf and Dotplots

What is a stem/leaf display? Another way to display data in a histogram like method without losing the actual individual data values is a stem/leaf display. It looks like this: Stem Leaf 2 56 3 0123445 and it is arranged so that the stem is the left digit(s) and the leaves are the right digit(s) 4 014 Data such as 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 40, 41, 44 would display like this:

Why a stem/leaf display Turn that data table sideways and it looks like a histogram – the class with more entries (higher frequency) extends further right. Lets turn our day 1 pulse exercise into a stem/leaf display.

How to make a stem/leaf display 1. Choose which digits will be the stem and which will be the leaf. 2. Align stems from smallest to largest * 3. Place the leaves on line with the corresponding stem 4. Label to indicate representation. i. e. 6│1 = 61 beats per minute.

Dot Plot A dot plot is a little more basic. One axis is the individuals (or perhaps basic count value), the other is the quantitative data values, and dot represents each data value. These are the Kentucky Derby winning times from 1875 through 2004. Any idea why there are two clusters? (Hint: something happened in 1896, and it has nothing to do with steroids)

Blogs I found this guy’s blog that was really interesting. He was musing over his ipod playlist and wondered how many times some of his songs had played.

“I exported the Library and wrote some python scripts to extract data …It turns out I have 208 unplayed songs in my library, and additionally lots of low single digit playcount songs. Here’s an (ugly excel generated) histogram”

While I was delving around, I figured I would see if theres any correlation between the length of time a song has been in my library, and the number of times it’s been played. The dot plot turned out interesting.

Resources http: //www. monkeyatlarge. com/archives/2006/07/ Bock, V. , Velleman, P. , De Veaux, R, Stats: Modeling the World, 2 nd Edition, Boston, Pearson Addison Wesley p. 49