Chapter 2 Nursing Theory Copyright 2011 Delmar Cengage

Chapter 2 Nursing Theory Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Components of a Theoretical Foundation • Concept • Proposition • Theory Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

What Is a Concept? • Basic building block of theory • Labels phenomenon • Complex mental formulations of one’s perceptions of world • Conceptual framework – Structure that links global concepts together Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

What Is a Proposition? • Structural element of theory • Statement that proposes relationship between concepts Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

What Is a Theory? • Set of concepts and propositions that provide orderly way to view phenomena • Purpose: – Describe, explain, and predict phenomena • Helps organize thoughts and ideas • Guides research Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Use of Theories from Other Disciplines • Theories from biological, physical, and behavioral sciences used in nursing: – Maslow – Erikson – Selye Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Importance of Nursing Theories • Provide: – Framework for thought within nursing discipline – Structure for communication among nurses and other health team members – Assistance for nursing profession to clarify beliefs, values, and goals – Help in defining unique contribution of nursing to care of clients (continued) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Importance of Nursing Theories • Theory, research, and practice interdependent Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Scope of Theories • Grand theory – Orem’s self-care deficit theory of nursing • Middle-range theory – Peplau’s theory of interpersonal relations • Micro-range theory – Examines specific phenomenon Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Evolution of Nursing Theory • 1950 s – Nursing practice mechanical • 1960 s, 1970 s, and 1980 s – Nursing practice fit into prevailing view of science • Beyond 1980 s – New perspective of nursing that unifies nursing as art and science Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Knowledge Development in Nursing • Metaparadigm of nursing – Distinguishing concepts that provide boundaries and limitations of discipline – Major concepts that provide structure to domain of nursing: • Person, environment, health, and nursing (continued) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Knowledge Development in Nursing • Paradigms in nursing – Particular viewpoint or perspective – Prevailing paradigm in discipline represents predominant viewpoint – New theories and research lead to paradigm revolution (continued) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Knowledge Development in Nursing • Paradigm shift – Moving from one paradigm to another Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Selected Nursing Theorists • Florence Nightingale – Provided philosophical basis from which other nursing theories have developed Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Early Nursing Theorists • • • Hildegard Peplau Virginia Henderson Faye Abdellah Joyce Travelbee Josephine Paterson and Loretta Zderad Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Contemporary Nursing Theorists • • • Myra Levine Dorothea Orem Betty Neuman Madeleine Leininger Sister Callista Roy Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Theories for the New Worldview of Nursing • Describe, explain, and predict phenomena of concern to nursing from more holistic perspective • Utmost importance: – Client-environment interaction (continued) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Theories for the New Worldview of Nursing • Jean Watson – Theory of human caring – Caring is essence of nursing and most central and unifying focus of nursing practice (continued) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Theories for the New Worldview of Nursing • Martha Rogers – Theory of science of unitary human beings – Nursing is learned profession • Science and art – Phenomenon of concern (continued) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Theories for the New Worldview of Nursing • Rosemarie Parse – Goal of nursing from human becoming perspective: • Quality of life Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Continuing Evolution of Nursing Theory • Always changing – Simultaneously useful for present • Shift from developing new theories to applying existing theories to practice Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.