CHAPTER 2 Law Enforcement Levels and Functions 2006

CHAPTER 2 Law Enforcement Levels and Functions © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Levels and Functions Federal Agencies I. The Department of Homeland Security A. 1. 2. Created by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 Bureau of Immigration and Customs (ICE) a. b. 3. Primary enforcement agency of DHS Investigate terrorist financing, money laundering, illegal arms dealing Five major divisions, or directorates © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Levels and Functions 4. Border and Transportation Security a. b. c. Largest directorate Maintains Canadian and Mexican borders and shoreline Includes Customs and Border Protection, Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, Federal Protective Service, Transportation Security Administration © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Levels and Functions 5. Emergency Preparedness and Response a. b. 6. Science and Technology a. 7. Ensures that the nation is prepared for terrorist attacks and natural disasters Risk mitigation Research and development Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection a. b. Identify and assess intelligence information Protect cyber infrastructure © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Levels and Functions 8. Management a. Ensures employees have necessary resources, means of communication, and clear responsibilities © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Levels and Functions Secret Service 9. a. b. c. d. Protect the lives of top government officials and their families Originated in 1865 to fight counterfeiting Presidential security became a permanent function in 1951 Investigates credit card and debit card frauds © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Levels and Functions e. f. g. h. i. Investigates frauds relating to electronic fund transfers Testing a new methodology for protecting individuals Recently there was an increase in the budget There was also a severe loss in manpower Morale problems © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Levels and Functions B. Department of Justice 1. Federal Bureau of Investigation a. b. c. Became the FBI in 1935 Maintains 56 field offices and 400 resident agencies and more than 40 foreign liaison posts About 11, 400 special agents © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Levels and Functions d. e. f. g. h. Protect the United States from terrorist attack Protect the United States against foreign intelligence operations and espionage Protect the United States against cyberbased attacks and high-technology crimes Priorities changed after 9/11 Still continue to investigate bank robberies, white-collar crimes, organized crime © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Levels and Functions FBI crime lab i. • • • Assists local and state police agencies with examination of evidence Examines blood, hair, firearms, paint, handwriting, and other types of evidence Also looks at DNA, explosives, hairs and fibers, drugs © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Levels and Functions National Academy ii. • • • First class graduated in 1935 Local police managers receive training Extensive professional training to national supervisory-level police officers National Crime Information Center (NCIC) iii. • • • Maintains records of stolen property Records concerning missing persons Information is available to local, state, and federal agencies in the United States and Canada © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Levels and Functions Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) iv. • • • Eight Part I offenses Twenty-one Part II offenses Shortcomings of the UCR Ø Ø Ø © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Not all crimes are reported to the police The reporting system is voluntary The reporting system is not uniform Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Levels and Functions 2. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) a. b. Administers the U. S. Criminal Code concerning alcohol and tobacco Responsible for enforcing all the federal laws relating to firearms, explosives, and arson © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Levels and Functions 3. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) a. b. c. Began with the passage of the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914 It was unlawful for any nonregistered person to possess heroin, cocaine, opium, morphine, or any of their products In the 1920 s, the focus was on Chinese immigrants suspected of importing opium © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Levels and Functions In 1920, the Volstead Act was enacted New authority because of the Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act of 1922 Present DEA is a combination of the functions of several agencies Responsible for: d. e. f. g. i. Development of an overall federal drugenforcement strategy © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Levels and Functions ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Investigation and prosecution of suspects for violations of federal drug-trafficking laws Investigation and prosecution of suspects connected with illicit drugs seized at the borders Conduct relations with drug-enforcement authorities of foreign governments Cooperate with local and state agencies Regulate the legal manufacture of drugs and other controlled substances © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Levels and Functions 4. U. S. Marshals Service a. b. c. d. One of the oldest federal law enforcement agencies Established under the Judiciary Act of 1789 About 2, 650 officers with arrest powers Virtually every federal law enforcement initiative involves the Marshals i. iii. iv. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Produce prisoners for trial Protect the courts, judges, attorneys, and witnesses Track and arrest fugitives Manage and dispose of seized drug assets Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Levels and Functions e. f. Special Operations Group Witness Protection Program Other related federal agencies C. 1. Central Intelligence Agency a. b. c. d. The National Security Act of 1947 established the National Security Counsel, which created the CIA in 1949 Most clandestine government service Undercover and covert operations around the world Deal with counterterrorism, counterintelligence, international organized crime, narcotics trafficking, arms control intelligence © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Levels and Functions Internal Revenue Service 2. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Main function is the monitoring and collection of federal income taxes Also investigates possible criminal violations of income tax laws IRS agents are armed Money-laundering investigations Wagering tax laws Conducts investigations related to the pornography industry Questionable Refund Program © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Levels and Functions Federal Law Enforcement Training Center 3. a. b. c. Established in 1970 Offers law enforcement training for personnel from many federal agencies Provides training for about seventy-five U. S. federal law enforcement organizations © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Levels and Functions D. State and local agencies 1. State police a. b. About 56, 000 full-time sworn personnel in 49 states Hawaii does not have a state police agency © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Levels and Functions 2. Local police agencies a. b. c. d. e. About 441, 000 full-time sworn officers General police responsibilities 15% of local agencies require recruits to have at least some college Two-thirds of all departments have full-time sworn officers engaged in community policing activities 75% use in-field computers or terminals © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Levels and Functions 3. Sheriff’s department a. b. c. d. e. 165, 000 sworn personnel 11% require recruits to have some college About 62% engage in community policing 61% work in agency’s using in-field computers or terminals About 80% of the agencies operate jails © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

CHAPTER 4 Organization and Administration © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organizations and the Police I. What are Organizations? A. 1. 2. 3. Entities of two or more people who cooperate to accomplish an objective Can be defined as arranging and utilizing resources of personnel and material in such a way as to attain specified objectives Done with careful evaluation © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization B. Organizations as Bureaucracies 1. Share several traits a. b. c. d. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 People perform many different tasks toward a common goal Specialized tasks are placed in separate departments with a hierarchical structure and division of labor There is a clear chain of command Normally an abundance of written rules Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organizational Communication II. Definition and Characteristics A. 1. 2. Communication is one of the most important dynamics of an organization Studies have shown that communication is the primary problem in administration © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization 3. 4. Lack of communication is the primary complaint of employees Elements of the communication process a. Encoding i. b. To translate an experience to symbols Transmission i. ii. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The translation of the encoded symbols into some behavior that another can observe The actual articulation of the symbol into verbal or nonverbal observable behavior Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization Medium c. i. ii. Includes any of the senses The choice of the medium is very important Reception d. i. Symbols are conveyed to the receiver’s brain for interpretation © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization Decoding e. i. ii. The receiver develops some meaning for the symbols Translated into some concept or experience of the receiver Feedback f. i. ii. The receiver provides some response back to the sender Indicates if the symbols were interpreted as intended © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization B. Communication within Police Organizations 1. Five types of downward communication a. Job instruction i. b. Relating to the performance of a certain task Job rationale i. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Relating a certain task to organizational tasks Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization Procedures and practice c. i. Relating to organizational policies, procedures, rules, and regulations Feedback d. i. Relating to how an individual performs an assigned task Indoctrination e. i. Designed to motivate the employee © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization 2. Upward communication may encounter obstacles a. b. Physical distance between superior and subordinate impedes upward communication The complexity of the organization may cause delays in communication © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization 3. Horizontal communication a. b. c. d. Thrives in an organization when formal channels are not open It is much easier and more natural to achieve than vertical communication Usually informal May provide emotional and social bonds that build morale and feelings of teamwork among employees © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization 4. The Grapevine a. b. c. d. e. f. Fast Operates mostly at the place of work Supplements regular, formal communication Can be used by management to get a feeling for employees’ attitudes Can be used to spread information Can also carry lies and can be malicious © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization 5. Written Communication a. b. c. 6. Establishes a permanent record Preferred medium in dealing with citizens and groups outside the agency Provides protection against legal action Barriers to Effective Communication a. b. c. d. Poor listeners Time Too little or too much information Strained relationships © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization Police Agencies as Organizations III. Chain of Command A. 1. 2. 3. Most police organizations are based on traditional, pyramidal, quasi-military organizational structure Rank hierarchy Designates authority and responsibility © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization B. Organizational Structure 1. 2. Every police agency has an organizational structure, regardless of the size of the police agency Operations or line-element personnel a. b. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Engaged in active police functions in the field May be divided into two categories i. Primary • The patrol function ii. Secondary • Investigative and youth functions Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization 3. Support or nonline functions a. Two broad functions i. ii. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Staff or administrative services • Involves personnel and recruitment, training, planning and research, public information services Auxiliary or technical services • Includes crime lab services, communications, records and identification Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization 4. 5. The larger the agency, the greater the need for specialization and the more vertical the organizational chart will become Portland, Oregon organizational structure a. Designed to fulfill five functions i. iii. iv. v. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Apportions the workload according to a logical plan Definite lines of authority and responsibility Specifies a unity of command Places responsibility and authority Coordinates efforts of members to work in harmony Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization C. Unity of Command Span of Control 1. 2. Unity of command dictates that every officer should report to one and only one superior Span of control refers to the number of subordinates one individual can effectively supervise © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization D. Organizational Policies and Procedures 1. The need for policies and procedures resulted from three developments a. b. c. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Requirement for administrative due process in employee disciplinary matters The threat of civil litigation The trend toward accreditation of police agencies Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization 2. Policies a. b. 3. Procedures a. b. 4. Quite general and serve as guides to thinking rather than action Reflect the purpose and philosophy of the organization More detailed than policies Provide the preferred methods for handling matters pertaining to patrol, investigations, booking, etc Rules and regulations a. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Specific guidelines that leave or no latitude for individual discretion Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization Contemporary Police Chiefs and Sheriffs IV. Police Chief A. 1. Qualifications, Selection, and Tenure a. b. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Qualifications vary by size and location of the department One study found that chiefs hired from outside the department were more highly educated than those hired from within Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization c. d. e. f. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 PERF survey found that chiefs in larger jurisdictions were more educated and more likely to have chosen from outside the agency Most chiefs spent less than five years in the position Job security ranges from full civil service protection to hiring and firing at the discretion of the mayor or city manager Growing trend toward a fixed term of office Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization B. Sheriff 1. Contemporary nature and functions a. b. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Largely a political office Functions commonly associated with the office i. Maintaining and operating the jail ii. Serving civil processes iii. Collecting certain taxes and conducting real estate sales for the county iv. Performing routine order-maintenance duties v. Serving as the bailiff of the courts Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization 2. Regional role differences a. b. c. d. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 In the East, the sheriff’s office is quite small and very political In the South, the office continues to be a strong law enforcement figure In the Midwest, some offices are similar to the eastern model while others are similar to the southern model In the West, the office resembles the Midwest sheriffs and is the chief law enforcement officer in the county Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization The Chief Executive Officer: A Model V. Applying the Mintzberg Model of CEOs A. The interpersonal role 1. a. b. c. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Figurehead role i. Ceremonial functions, like riding in parades and attending civic events Leadership function i. Motivate and coordinate workers Liaison role i. Interact with other organizations and coordinate work flow Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization 2. The informational role a. b. 3. Monitoring/inspecting and disseminating information and acting as a spokesperson Getting information to the members of the department The decision-maker role a. b. c. d. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 As entrepreneur, the CEO sells ideas to the governing board or the department As disturbance handler, the CEO may handle the minor to the major disturbances As resource allocator, the CEO must be aware of the budget As negotiator, the CEO may resolve differences and sit as a member of the negotiating team for labor relations Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization Middle Managers: Captains and Lieutenants VI. Some of the functions A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Inspecting assigned operations Reviewing and making recommendations on reports Helping to develop plans Preparing work schedules Enforcing all laws and orders © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization The First-Line Supervisor VII. Sergeant A. Tasks 1. a. b. c. d. e. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Supervising subordinates Disseminating information to subordinates Ensuring that orders are followed Reviewing reports Interpreting policies and informing subordinates Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization B. Types of supervisors 1. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Traditional a. Law-enforcement oriented b. Expect subordinates to produce high levels of measurable activities c. Tend to place greater emphasis on punishment than rewards d. See their primary role as controlling subordinates Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization 2. Innovative a. b. c. d. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Most closely associated with community policing May be the opposite of the traditional supervisor Depend on developing relationships with subordinates Develop officers so they can solve problems and have good relations with citizens Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization 3. Supportive a. b. c. d. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Concerned with relationships Concerned with protecting officers from what they view as unfair management practices See themselves as one of the troops Fail to emphasis departmental goals and responsibilities Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak

Organization 4. Active a. b. c. d. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Active in the field Hardworking and competent May not give the subordinates the chance to develop May be the most effective form of supervision Policing America, 5 th edition. Kenneth J. Peak