Chapter 2 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RECOGNITION AND IDENTIFICATION OBJECTIVES

(Chapter 2) HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RECOGNITION AND IDENTIFICATION ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻬﺎ

OBJECTIVES Identify the hazards associated with each hazard class. ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺧﻄﺮﺓ Identify the standard occupancies where hazardous materials may be used and stored. . ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ Identify the standard container shapes and sizes and common products. ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻷﺤﺠﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ Identify both facility- and transportation- related markings and warning signs.

HAZMAT DEFINITION: DOT (Dept. of Transportation): “Any substance or material in any form or quantity that poses an unreasonable risk to the safety and health and to property when transported in commerce. ” ﺃﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺑﺄﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﻮ ﺃﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﺮﺍ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ . ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻳﺎ

EPA RIGHT TO KNOW ACT OF HAZMAT Act requires: Ø Chemical identification of substances in the community and on employer premises ﺍﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ. Ø Posting of identity of same by employers ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ. Ø Labeling of chemicals ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ. Ø Information and safety data to be given to Department of Labor & Industry ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ. Ø Complaint procedures ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻭﻱ. Ø Investigations ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ. Ø Compliance orders and enforcement ﺍﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺜﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻘﺎﺫ. Ø Penalties ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ. 4

RECOGNIZING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS Methods include: • Placards, ﻻﻓﺘﺎﺕ Labels ﻣﻠﺼﻘﺎﺕ , Markings ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ • Location and occupancy. ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻏﻞ • Containers type. • Visual clues. ﺩﻻﺋﻞ ﺑﺼﺮﻳﺔ • Smells. • Sounds of material escaping from its container. • Type of process may indicate HM presence.

LOCATION AND OCCUPANCY Average home has a large amount of hazardous materials. Rural ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ communities and farms have unique risks. Hazardous materials storage. Businesses ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ present a wide range of risks.

AGRICULTURAL SUPPLY STORE

ROADWAY

PLACARDS, LABELS, AND MARKINGS

HAZMAT CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION Proper labeling or placarding is vital ﺣﻴﻮﻱ to public safety. The more information available to emergency responders and during an incident the better.

Ø Labels are standard hazmat identifiers, designed to meet certain specifications, and placed on packages, packagings, or overpacks. ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ Ø Placards are standard hazmat identifiers, designed to meet certain specifications, and placed on outer containers, trucks, cylinders, or other vehicles used for transport. Ø Markings are additional identifiers (other than hazard labels & placards) that further describe the package. Hazardous Waste Labeling vs. Marking The DOT reference to a label is very specific. Labels are the diamond-shaped labels placed on non-bulk containers and resemble bulk container placards. Everything else on a non-bulk package is a marking. 12

HAZMAT PROTECTIVE PACKAGING The packaging required for Haz. Mat is the first line of defense in preventing a release during transportation.

v The type of protective packaging used is dependent on the nature of the material to be packaged. All packaging must be designed to prevent a release during normal transportation or storage of the material. v Normal transportation of these materials can often involve significant changes in temperature and ambient pressure. The protective packaging must take this into account. v Shipments of liquids must be sealed correctly and have proper labels to indicate the correct

v All inner packages must be adequately secured and cushioned ﻳﺨﻔﻒ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ in order to prevent spillage or breakage during normal transport. v. Substances that may react with each other may not be placed within the same packaging. v. Inadequately packaged Haz. Mat should not be transported, accepted for transportation, or offered for transportation.

Non-Bulk Packaging Non-bulk packaging ﻣﻐﻠﻔﺎﺕ is defined (CFR Code of Federal Regulations regulation) as packaging that has: A maximum capacity of 450 L (119 gal. ) or less as a receptacle ﻭﻋﺎﺀ for a liquid. A maximum net mass of 400 kg (882 lbs. ) or less and a maximum capacity of 450 L (119 gal. ) or less as a receptacle for a solid A water capacity of 454 kg (1000 lbs. ) or less as a receptacle for a gas. 16

Bulk Packages v. Under CFR, a bulk package is defined as a packaging ﻣﻐﻠﻔﺎﺕ , other than a vessel ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻦ or a barge, ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺧﺮ including a transport vehicle or freight container ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺷﺤﻦ , in which hazardous materials are loaded with no intermediate form of containment. v. Bulk packaging is also defined as large packaging in which hazardous materials are loaded with an intermediate form of containment, such as one or more articles or inner packagings ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﻋﺒﻮﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ. v. Additionally, a bulk package has: A maximum capacity greater than 450 L (119 gal. ) as a receptacle for a liquid. 17

A maximum net mass greater than 400 kg (882 lbs. ) and a maximum capacity greater than 450 L (119 gal. ) as a receptacle for a solid. A water capacity greater than 454 kg (1000 lbs. ) as a receptacle for a gas. While the DOT guidelines for properly labeling and marking non-bulk and bulk containers are similar, they are not the same. 18

LABELS ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺼﻘﺎﺕ Ø Are standard hazmat identifiers, designed to meet regulations. Ø Hazard class labels and handling labels are placed on hazardous material packaging such as UN certified packaging ﻣﻐﻠﻔﺎﺕ , or overpacks ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ. Ø Shippers are responsible for choosing the correct labels for their shipments. Ø Labeling a material incorrectly can result in costly shipping delays, fines, ﻏﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ and injuries. Ø If you're not sure which hazard class label fits your needs, use Labelmaster's Label Finder (video). 19

Why are labels important? They communicate universally - labels relate information about the hazards of a chemical inside a package internationally, regardless of language. They offer special handling instructions - labels clarify handling requirements for a package, making shipping and handling dangerous goods a safer process. They help employers communicate hazards - employers use hazard labels to alert employees of potential hazards of materials. They help carriers decide where to place packages hazmat labels help carriers determine stowage ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ and segregation ﻓﺼﻞ onboard planes ﻣﺘﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ , trucks ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺣﻨﺎﺕ and vessels ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻦ. They inform emergency responders - emergency responders use hazard labels for accident clean-up and potential evacuations. 21

What do hazmat labels look like? It depends on the hazard - there are 9 different classes of hazardous materials. The labels for each class are a different color. These labels must be a specific size, shape and color. They stand out - labels must have contrasting background ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ and a dotted line border ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﺨﻂ ﻣﻨﻘﻂ should be used if the label is not distinguishable from the package. The symbols and text on the labels must be 22

Where are hazmat labels placed? On Hazmat Packaging & ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻔﺎﺕ Overpacks ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ - hazmat labels are affixed ﻣﻠﺼﻘﺔ to packaging offered for transport. They must be printed on or permanently attached to one side of the packaging. Labeling should be on the outside of overpacks unless it is visible through the overpack. 23

Near the UN Number - the hazmat label should be attached as close to the proper shipping name and UN number as possible. They should never fold around the corner. Internationally - for international shipments of hazardous materials, the hazard class number must be displayed in the bottom corner of both primary and subsidiary labels. In the US - since October 1, 2005, the U. S. has required a hazard class number displayed in the bottom corner of a subsidiary risk label. 24

DOT classifies hazardous materials into 9 primary hazard classes which are subdivided into multiple subsidiary risk groups. You don’t need to memorize these, but the primary hazard classes are: (UN Class Numbers) Class 1: Explosives Class 2: Compressed Gases Class 3: Flammable Liquids Class 4: Flammable Solids Class 5: Oxidizers Class 6: Poisons and Toxics Class 7: Radioactive materials Class 8: Corrosives Class 9: Miscellaneous hazardous materials that don’t fit any other hazard class… (i. e. dry ice) 26

DOT PLACARD COLOR CODES Explosive Health Hazard Oxidizer and Organic Peroxides Water Reacative Flammable Nonflammable Gas (Poison) Combined Colors: Red and White: Flammable Solids Black and White: Corrosive Yellow and White: Radioactive

(Red and Yellow) Flammable Oxidizer (Red and White) Flammable Solid (Yellow and White) (Black and White) Radioactive Corrosive 28

LABELING AND MARKING Video 30

DOT Labeling System Diamond-shaped labels, 4 inches on each side, required to be affixed on two sides of non-bulk containers Subsidiary labels indicate additional hazards, and lack the hazard class number 31

READING A LABEL Labels go on packages Each label (and placard)has its own: Ø Color Ø Symbol Ø Wording or ID number Ø UN hazard class number

CLASS 1: EXPLOSIVES Hazard: rapid rate of pressure rise within short time interval. Examples/hazard: 1. 1 TNT, mass explosion ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ 1. 2 Detonating cord ﻓﺘﻴﻞ ﻣﺘﻔﺠﺮ , projection ﻣﻘﺬﻭﻑ hazard fragments. ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ 1. 3 Ammunition ﺫﺧﻴﺮﺓ , fire, blast ﻣﺘﻔﺠﺮ or projection hazard. ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ https: //environmentalchemistry. com/yogi/hazmat/placa rds/class 1. html#compatability_group

CLASS 1: EXPLOSIVES 1. 4 Detonatingmaterial, minor explosion hazard. ﻻ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ 1. 5 Blasting agents i. e. ANFO (ammonium nitrate and fuel oil mixtures), mass explosion but very insensitive ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ 1. 6 Articles, explosive, extremely insensitive. ﻻ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ

CLASS 2: GASES 2. 1 Flammable, propane 2. 2 Non-flammable, nitrogen, argon, helium 2. 3 Poison (toxic), chlorine and hydrogen cyanide; may also have other hazardous properties

CLASS 3: FLAMMABLE/COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS Class 3: Flammable liquids may easily ignite (e. g. , gasoline and alcohol) Class 3: Combustible liquids will not readily ignite and may have to be pre-heated (e. g. , kerosene and fuel oil)

CLASS 4: FLAMMABLE SOLID 4. 1 Burn readily and violently; aluminum powder, coated ﻃﻼﺀ 4. 2 Air-reactive, barium alloys, pyrophoric ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ 4. 3 Water-reactive with possible poisonous fumes, barium

CLASS 5: OXIDIZER 5. 1 Provide oxygen to the combustion process; - potassium superoxide Aluminum Nitrate Sodium chlorate Silver nitrate 5. 2 Also enhances burning and may be heat, shock and friction sensitive; organic peroxide ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺮﻯ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺃﻮ ﺃﻜﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ، ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ، )ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭﻯ : ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ . ( ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻮ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ

CLASS 6: POISON (TOXIC) 6. 1 Solid or liquid state with poisonous properties (e. g. , chloropicrin) 6. 2 Infectious substances like biological and organic materials that may cause disease (e. g. , live microorganisms) inhalation hazard also used for materials listed as poison inhalation hazard (PIH)

CLASS 7: RADIOACTIVE Used to denote emitters of alpha or beta particles of radiation or gamma radiation Ø Radioactive I: Least hazardous Ø Radioactive II: Moderate hazard Ø Radioactive III: More serious hazard comparatively

CLASS 8: CORROSIVE Damage to skin; may corrode steel or aluminum as well as some may be water-reactive Nitric acid and hydrochloric acid in addition to sodium hydroxide are examples

CLASS 9: MISCELLANEOUS Mildly ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ hazardous and may be physically solid, liquid or gas state Extremely annoying ﻣﺰﻋﺞ due to producing vapors. ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ

OTHER REGULATED MATERIALS-D ORM-D Ø Consumer commodities ( ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻴﺔ for consumption by individuals for purposes of personal care or household use). Other Regulated Materials-Domestic

ORM-D is a hazardous material that normally would be subject to all the requirements of the Hazardous Material Regulations (HMR) but due to its: (1) form, (2) quantity, and (3) packaging: presents a limited risk in transportation. All three of those conditions must be met for a Haz. Mat to be re-classed as an ORM-D. Consumer Commodity. Cartridges, small arms ﺧﺮﺍﻃﻴﺶ ﻭﺍﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ. Cartridges, power devices ﺧﺮﺍﻃﻴﺶ ﻭﺍﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ. 46

Benefits to the re-classification of a hazardous material as an ORM-D include: ØNo placards. ØNo labels unless shipped by air. ØNo shipping paper unless shipped by air or vessel. ØNo packing group or identification number. ØSpecification packaging not required as long as applicable packaging requirements are met. 47

CLASSIFICATION OF HAZMAT Video 48

Doubling of a figures: Doubling of figures indicates an intensification ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ of that particular hazard. Where the hazard associated with a substance can be adequately indicated by a single figure, this is followed by a zero. If a hazard identification number is prefixed by letter 'X', this indicates that the substance will react dangerously with water. The hazard identification number combinations have following meanings: 49

20 22 223 225 23 236 239 25 26 265 266 268 286 30 323 inert gas refrigerated flammable gas refrigerated oxidizing (fire-intensifying) gas flammable gas, toxic flammable gas, which can spontaneously lead to violent reaction oxidizing (fire-intensifying) gas toxic gas, oxidizing (fire-intensifying) highly toxic gas, corrosive gas, toxic flammable liquid or self-heating liquid 50 flammable liquid which reacts with water emitting flammable

X 323 33 333 X 333 336 338 X 338 339 36 362 X 362 38 382 flammable liquid which reacts dangerously with water emitting flammable gases highly flammable liquid (flash point below 21°C) pyrophoric liquid which reacts dangerously with water highly flammable liquid, toxic highly flammable liquid, corrosive, which reacts dangerously with water highly flammable liquid, which can spontaneously lead to violent reaction self-heating liquid, toxic flammable liquid, toxic, which reacts dangerously with water emitting flammable gases self-heating liquid, corrosive flammable liquid, corrosive, which reacts with water emitting 51

X 382 39 40 423 X 423 44 446 46 462 48 482 flammable liquid, corrosive, which reacts dangerously with water emitting flammable gases flammable liquid, which can spontaneously lead to violent reaction flammable self-heating solid, which reacts with water emitting flammable gases flammable solid, which reacts dangerously with water emitting flammable gases flammable solid, in molten state, at elevated temperature flammable solid, toxic, in molten state, at elevated temperature flammable or self-heating solid, toxic solid, which reacts with water emitting flammable gases flammable or self-heating solid, corrosive solid, which reacts with water emitting flammable gases

55 556 558 559 56 568 58 59 60 63 638 639 66 663 strongly oxidizing substance, toxic strongly oxidizing substance, corrosive strongly oxidizing substance, which can spontaneously lead to violent reaction oxidizing substance, toxic, corrosive oxidizing substance which can spontaneously lead to violent reaction toxic or harmful substance, flammable (flash point between 21°C and 55°C), corrosive toxic or harmful substance, flammable (flash point between 21°C and 55°C), which can spontaneously lead to violent reaction highly toxic substance (flash point not above 55°C)

69 70 72 723 73 74 75 76 78 80 X 80 toxic or harmful substance, which can spontaneously lead to violent reaction radioactive material radioactive gas, flammable radioactive liquid, flammable (flash point not above 55°C) radioactive solid, flammable radioactive material, oxidizing radioactive material, toxic radioactive material, corrosive or slightly corrosive substance, which reacts dangerously with water 83 corrosive or slightly corrosive substance, flammable (flash point between 21°C and 55°C) X 83 corrosive or slightly corrosive substance, flammable (flash point between 21°C and 55°C), , which reacts dangerously with water 839 corrosive or slightly corrosive substance, flammable (flash point between 54

X 839 corrosive or slightly corrosive substance, flammable (flash point between 21°C and 55°C), which can spontaneously lead to violent reaction and which reacts dangerously with water 85 corrosive or slightly corrosive substance, oxidizing (fireintensifying) 856 corrosive or slightly corrosive substance, oxidizing (fireintensifying) and toxic 86 corrosive or slightly corrosive substance, toxic 88 highly corrosive substance X 88 highly corrosive substance, which reacts dangerously with water 883 highly corrosive substance, flammable (flash point between 21°C and 55°C) 885 highly corrosive substance, oxidizing (fire-intensifying) 886 highly corrosive substance, toxic X 886 highly corrosive substance, toxic, which reacts dangerously with water 89 corrosive or slightly corrosive substance, which can spontaneously

Empty Haz. Mat Packagings ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻏﺔ Ø It’s quite likely that at one time or another you have had to deal with the off-site shipment of empty packagings. Ø Most manufacturing facilities experience this when they empty various non-bulk (usually 55 -gallons or smaller) packagings of their contents and then either return them to the supplier or send to them to a facility for reconditioning, remanufacture, or reuse. Ø Empty packaging containing only the residue of its original hazardous material contents is subject to the same requirements of the HMR as it was when it contained a greater quantity (ie. when it was full). 56

EMPTY LABEL Empty D. O. T. container label alerts employees of harmful drum and container contents. 6"h x 6"w D. O. T. container label easily applies adhesive-backed paper to properly identify specific container contents. Label reads: Empty previous contents___ date___ department___ Supervisors signature___ This drum is empty by EPA standards. All rings and bungs ﺳﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ are tight. No more than one inch of residue remains on the bottom of the drum. 57

EMPTY LABEL

LABELING EXAMPLE • Drum as example: 1 -Orientation label 2 -Hazardous waste 3 -Hazard class 8 Corrosive material 41

(II) HAZMAT PLACARD INFOGRAPHIC Maintaining compliance with Dangerous Goods regulations doesn't stop with packaging and labeling. Shippers need to be aware of placarding requirements before putting their shipments into commerce. This hazmat placard infographic provides a brief overview of the regulations governing the use of DG placards on trucks and trains. DOT Placards are larger, more durable versions of hazard labels that are usually placed on bulk packages or transport vehicles to communicate the hazards of chemicals inside. If you need assistance determining which DOT placard fits your needs, use Labelmaster's Placard Finder. 61

Why are DOT placards important? They inform the public - dangerous goods are regulated in transportation because they pose an increased safety risk to property and the public. Placards warn the people of the presence of hazards while they're driving or near large quantities of hazmat being transported. They inform emergency responders - if shipping papers aren't available at the scene of an accident, a placard may be the only way responders know what materials are involved in the accident. They are required - within the United States, certain quantities of hazardous materials within a transport vehicle or bulk packaging must be placarded, although there are several cases where placarding exceptions 62

Ø If you want to ship hazmat, you are responsible for providing the carrier with the appropriate placards unless they already have the correct placards on the vehicle or freight container. Ø Otherwise, the motor or rail carrier cannot transport the shipment of hazardous materials. UN Number UN Class 63

What do DOT placards look like? Larger, durable labels - placards look a lot like labels, but they are larger and more durable. They meet design and durability regulations placards must be printed in the square-on-point configuration measuring 250 mm on all sides and include a solid inner border that is approximately 12. 7 mm from the edge of the placard. The hazard class number in the bottom corner of the placard must measure at least 41 mm. They are legible - text used on a hazard placard must be in English unless otherwise required by a competent authority. Any text, borders, symbols, and hazard classes may be either black or white. 64

Where are DOT placards placed? On transport vehicles or bulk packages - rather than being placed on a smaller individual package, placards are used for larger amounts of hazardous materials being transported. Often they are placed on the exterior of transport vehicles. They must be on all 4 sides - placards need to be displayed on all four sides of a transport vehicle or bulk packaging. They must always be displayed in the square-on-point configuration and be located at least 3 inches away from any other marking that may reduce its effectiveness. 65

DOT Placard System Placards must appear on all four sides of the vehicle. 66

MARKINGS Markings are additional identifiers that further describe a package. They are added in addition to hazmat labels and placards. They are essential for complying with CFR regulations and staying safe while transporting dangerous goods. Marking differs from labelling in that it describes the physical attributes ﺳﻤﺎﺕ of a marker (or label) affixed to a container whereas labelling refers to the information which must be displayed on the marker. This information is largely to assist in the transport of wastes and to comply with regulations on transporting of waste within countries and internationally. Limited Quantity

Why are hazmat markings important? They identify materials and specify handling - markings provide information to supplement hazard or handling labels. Carriers and consignees ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ ﻟﻬﻢ refer to markings when accepting hazardous materials to ensure proper handling of the material as well as regulatory compliance. They help you comply with hazmat transport regulation - incorrectly identifying a hazard is a serious infraction. Many penalties and fines are imposed each year for marking violations. ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ They inform emergency responders - just like labels and placards, marking provided additional information on what materials are involved and what safety precautions need to be taken. Most responders use markings to reference an emergency 70 response guidebook for further information.

What do hazmat markings look like ? ﺑﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ Ø They use proper shipping names - markings identify a material or hazard using proper shipping names, UN numbers, or other descriptors required in the regulations. Ø No specific size, shape or color - unlike labels and placards, markings are not specific to a certain style. However, they must have a sharply contrasting background and they may not be covered by labels or anything else that would reduce their effectiveness.

Where are hazmat markings placed? It varies depending on the hazardous material and transportation type - there are various types of markings used for different forms of hazardous material transport. Label master has gathered a full breakdown on marking guidelines and UN markings. 75

READING A NUMBERED PLACARD • Numbered placards may better identify contents by using the United Nations, or UN, ID number For: • Tank cars ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺨﺰﺍﻥ • Portable tanks ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ • Other bulk packaging ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻯ

UN Numbered and Blank Placards 4 -digit UN numbered placards are the most widely used method of identifying a specific hazard during transportation. Blank placards ﻻﻓﺘﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﻏﺔ also available for customization ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ of multiple UN numbers. Some hazardous substances have their own UN numbers (e. g. acrylamide has UN 2074), while sometimes groups of chemicals or products with similar properties receive a common UN number (e. g. flammable liquids, not otherwise specified, have UN 1993).

A chemical in its solid state may receive a different UN number than the liquid phase if their hazardous properties differ significantly; substances with different levels of purity (or concentration in solution) may also receive different UN numbers range from (UN 0001 - UN 0003 no longer exist) UN 0004 to about UN 3534 and are assigned by the United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods.

They are published as part of their Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, also known as the Orange Book. These recommendations are adopted by the regulatory organization responsible for the different modes of transport. There is no UN number allocated to nonhazardous substances. These will simply not have a UN number. Lists of UN numbers: https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Lists_of_UN_numbers 79

EXAMPLE: UN #1993 • The Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) indicates UN #1993 could be: Ø Combustible liquid, or Ø Flammable liquid, or Ø Fuel oil, or Ø Medicines, or Ø Refrigerating machine

NO PLACARD When aggregate gross ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ weight of all hazardous materials in non-bulk packages is less than 1, 001 lbs, no placard is required on transport vehicle/freight ﺷﺤﻦ container when transported by highway or rail. Compatibility For safety of cargo and vehicle, materials shipped together must not react with each other. Check compatibility before shipping or storing products.

UN MARKINGS GUIDE: HOW TO READ AND IDENTIFY UN PACKAGING CODES Understanding UN markings may seem complicated at first, but this breakdown of each element of UN markings describes how to easily read and identify the code. Take a look at this guide, which is an essential component of hazardous materials packaging. 83

The UN in the circle indicates packaging has been UN tested and certified. The UN symbol can either be included with a lowercase "u" over a lowercase "n" in a circle or as an uppercase "UN". 85

DOT PACKING GROUPS A hazardous material’s Packing Group reflects the level of hazard and determines the mark required on the packaging. Packing Group Mark I II III Degree of Hazard most serious moderate hazard low hazard Packaging X Y Z 86

PACKAGING MARKS: DESIGN TYPES (CODE) TYPE OF CONTAINER MATERIAL CONTAINER 1 - Drums/Pails ﺑﺮﺍﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ 2 – Barrels ﺑﺮﺍﻣﻴﻞ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ - ﻣﻨﺘﻔﺨﺔ 3 - Jerricans 4 - Boxes 5 - Bags 6 - Composite Packaging 7 - Pressure Receptical A - Steel B - Aluminum C - Natural Wood D – Plywood ﺧﺸﺐ ﺭﻗﺎﺋﻘﻲ F - Reconstituted Wood G - Fiberboard H - Plastic L - Textile M - Paper N - Metal other than Steel or Aluminum P - Glass, Porcelain or Stoneware PACKAGING HEAD OR MATERIAL WALL TYPE For Drums: 1 - Closed Head (Non-Removable Head) 2 - Open Head (Removable Head) For Bags: 5 M 1 - Multiwall 5 M 2 - Multiwalled, Water-Resistant 87

Barrel Drums 88

Any one of the following three styles represents an example of the kind of packaging identification code that may be shown on a UN packaging. There may be a number-letter combination indicating a type of packaging and material of construction. For example: 4 D = Plywood box 2 D = Plywood Barrel There may be a number-letter combination indicating the type of packaging, material of construction and a subcategory within the type of packaging. For example: 1 A 1 = Non-removable (closed) head steel drum. 1 H 2= Removable (open) head plastic drum. 4 G 5 M 1 = Fiberboard multiwall box. 89

The description may also show a number-letter -number combination. This mark includes the number six, indicating a composite type of packaging; two letters, the first indicating the inner receptacle's material and the second letter indicating the outer material; and the second number indicating the type of packaging (not a subcategory). For example: 6 HA 1 = Composite Packaigng Consisting of a Plastic Inner, Steel Outer, Drum. 6 DC 4 = Composite Packaging Consisting of a Natural Wood Inner, Plywood Outer, Box. 90

GROSS MASS OR SPECIFIC GRAVITY Gross Mass for Solids - For single or composite packagings intended to contain solids or combination packagings for all materials, the mark will include the maximum gross mass (kilograms) that the package can weight when filled (packaging plus its contents). Specific Gravity for Liquids - For liquid hazardous materials in single or composite packagings, the mark will contain the maximum specific gravity allowable for that packaging. 91

HYDROSTATIC TEST PRESSURE OR S Hydrostatic Test: Relating to or denoting the equilibrium of liquids and the pressure exerted by liquid at rest. Solids - For single or composite packagings intended to contain solids or combination packagings for all materials, the mark will include a capital "S". Liquids - For liquid hazardous materials in single or composite packagings, the mark will contain the hydrostatic pressure the container was tested to; the hydrostatic pressure should be included in k. Pa (kilopascals) rounded down to the nearest 10 k. Pa. (1 atm = 101 k. Pa) 92

YEAR AND LOCATION OF MANUFACTURE Year of Manufacture - The marking must indicate the last two digits of the year of manufacture. (For example, 16 for 2016). Manufacture Location Country Symbol - The symbol of the country where the manufacturing took place must be listed in the mark. For packaging produced in the United States, the mark would show "USA". 93

IDENTIFICATION OF THE MANUFACTURER OR APPROVAL AGENCY The identification of the party who is certifying that the packaging meets all of the required testing must be included in the mark. This may be shown in the form of a name and address, symbol of the manufacturer, or code of the agency certifying compliance. If the symbol or code is used, both must be registered with PHMSA (Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration) 94

LIQUIDS) Specific Gravity of Liquid 1=drum A=steel 1=Tight Head Packing Group u n UN Symbol Vapor pressure of Liquid (k. Pa) 1 A 1/Y 1. 2/100/10 USA/M 1234/ R L Country of Manufacture Year of Manufacture R = Reconditioned L = Leakproof Tested Manufacturer’s or Reconditioner’s Identity Number Registered with US DOT Registered numbers are 4 -digits, preceded by an “R” or an “M”. For example: M 1234. 97