Chapter 2 Foundations of Individual Behavior Foundations of

Chapter 2 Foundations of Individual Behavior

Foundations of Individual Behavior There are three foundations on which the behavior of an individual is built. 1). Ability 2). Biographical characteristics 3). Learning leads to behavior what management can do to shape the behaviors of organizational members.

Role perception • The degree to which a person understand the job duties assigned to or expected for him/her. • Role clarity • Specific duties for which they are accountable • Task priority • Preferred behaviour to accomplish tasks

Situational Factors • `influence of different situation • Work context constraints or facilitates behaviour or performance • Situation provide cues which guide and motivate the employees (warning sign board)

Types of individual behavior • Task performance: • Individual voluntary goal-guaided attitude that contribute to organizational objectives. (multiple tasking in an organization) • Types of task performance: • Proficient task performance (work efficiently and accurately) • Adaptive task performance (change acceptance by employee) • Proactive task behaviour (innovative ideas to solve work problems efficiently)

Organizational Citizenship • Various forms of cooperation and helpfulness to others that support the organizations social and physiological context. • OCB advantages: significant effect on individual, organization and teems. High task performance • OCB disadvantages: Conflict in families because of not giving time, take extr energy and work.

Counterproductive work behavior • Voluntary behaviours that have the potential to directly or indirectly harm the organization • Intentional and un intentional behaviour (Harassing the employees, creating unnecessary conflict )

Joining and staying with the organizations • Control turnover • Hiring and retain best employees • Human Capital

Maintaning Work attendance • • Abesntiasam of employees Increase Work load Poor customer services Co-workers conflicit

Ability: An individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job. An individuals abilities can be categorized into two sets: 1. Intellectual Abilities: the capacity to do mental activities-thinking, reasoning, and problem solving. 2. Physical Abilities: the capacity to do tasks that demand stamina, dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics.

Intellectual Abilities there are seven most cited abilities are: 1. Number aptitude- speedy , accurate arithmetic. 2. Verbal Comprehension- understand what is read or heard and relationship of words. 3. Perceptual speed- ability to identify visual similarities. 4. Inductive reasoning-Identify logical sequence in a problem and solve the problem. 5. 6. 7. Deductive reasoning- using logic and assess the implications of an argument Spatial Visualization- How object would look if its position in space is changed Memory- ability to retain and recall past experiences.

Physical Abilities (PA) There are three categories of PA: STRENGTH FACTORS 1). Dynamic Strength: Muscular force exerted repeatedly or continuously. 2). Trunk Strength: Using abdominal muscles. 3). Static Strength: exert force against external objects. 4). Explosive Strength: expend a maximum energy in one or series of explosive acts. FLAXIBILITY FACTORS 5). Extent Flexibility: To move trunk and back muscles as far as possible. 6). Dynamic Flexibility: To make rapid and repeated flexing movement OTHER FACTORS: 7). Body Coordination: Simultaneous actions of different parts of the body. 8). Balance: Maintaining equilibrium despite forces pulling off balance. 9). Stamina: Ability to continue maximum effort requiring prolonged effort over time.

Biographical Characteristics The second foundation of human behavior are: age, gender, race, and length of service with an organization. AGE: there are three groups on the basis of age. Young: new entrants in the workforce Middle aged: the most important in the organization. Old aged: most experienced and with tremendous patience. Gender: Male and female working together gives rise to numerous problems. Glass Ceiling: women are not promoted to higher ranks. Sexual Harassment: starring, commenting, trying to abuse mentally or physically and creating such environment that challenges the safety and security of woman at workplace.

Biographical Characteristics (continues) RACE: People coming from different ethnic groups. Favoritism, attitudes, and workplace decision are made on this base. OTHERS REASONS: Tenure- Seniority is also reason and predictor of performance and behavior to work. Religion- Difference in religion also effects the behavior towards the work and workplace.