Chapter 2 Exploring the Americas I A Changing

Chapter 2: Exploring the Americas

I. A Changing World A. Expanding Horizons n Marco Polo and the Crusades: published Travels after returning 1295 Would inspire Columbus n 1. Growing Interest n n n goods and his book fuel this 2. Growth of Trade n n n Pope Urban II called a Crusade in 1095 Merchants bringing back spices: cinnamon, pepper, cloves Merchant cities of Genoa, Venice, and Pisa prospered Called Commercial Rev. to pay for goods, farmers produced more for a surplus, granted more liberties by owners Broke down feudalism

Expanding Horizons Cont. 3. Growth of Ideas and the Renaissance n n n Italian city-states wealthy, had free time, began exploring its history New interest in Classics Humanism: explore and question ideas. n Apply many subjects People think critically about everything, thirst for knowledge Paves way for age of exploration and discovery n It spread to rest of Europe

B. Powerful Nations Emerge Population increasing in 1400 s Monarchs also expanding power and getting rid of feudalism Want to cut out middle men in trade Spain, Portugal, France, and England

C. Technology Printing press in 1456 gets Polo’s story out to more people 1. Maps, Navigation Instruments, and Ships n n n Improved maps, the astrolabe, improved compasses, and better and faster ships allow explorers to travel farther away from home and shore Portuguese caravel an excellent ship, could go in shallow water and handle rough seas Spain and Portugal look for sea routes to Asia

II. Early Exploration: Vikings Leif Eriksson landed in Newfoundland, called it Vinland Founded a colony Eriksson’s brother Thorvald went and got in a skirmish with natives and was killed around 1000 After 1010, voyages stopped, too many problems with natives It didn’t last and the legend of the new land stayed alive only in Norse sagas

A. Seeking New Trade Routes Maps only had three continents: Europe, Asia and Africa n No knowledge of other landmasses or size of oceans 1. Portuguese Exploration n Took lead to fund voyages to China and India Prince Henry the Navigator funded and center for exploration in 1420 Ships explored west coast of Africa n Traded for gold, ivory, and slaves n Became known as Gold Coast

Seeking New Trade Routes Cont. 2. Dias and da Gama n n n Bartholomeau Dias reached Cape of Good Hope in 1488 but turned around because of a storm Vasco da Gama went around the Cape (1497) made it to Calicut in 1498 Cabral swung so wide going around Africa that he hit Brazil 1500, claimed for Portugal

B. Christopher Columbus Born in Genoa, Italy in 1451: Cristoforo Colombo Sailed for Portugal early years Most educated people believed earth was round Most underestimated the world was smaller He believed Asia was 2, 400 miles to the west

1. Spain: Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand Reconquista over in 1492 n They will fund Columbus’ voyage n He tried for years to get money 2. Columbus’s First Voyage n Left Aug. 3, 1492 in the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria with about 90 sailors n “Tierra!” sighted on Oct. 12, 1492 after crew was getting testy n Landed on Salvador in the Bahamas n Claimed land for Spain and thought he was in the East Indies n Estimated about 50 million natives in 1400 n Returned to Spain a great hero

3. Later Voyages Went back in 1493, 1498, 1502 n Explored the Caribbean and parts of South and Central America n Died thinking he found the Indies 4. Dividing the World: Line of Demarcation n 1493 Pope Alexander VI drew line in Atlantic to divide new lands: Spain west of the line, Portugal east n Later line mover farther west n By then New World named America after the explorer Amerigo Vespucci

5. Exploring the Pacific and the World Vasco Nunez de Balboa n Saw the Pacific from Panama Ferdinand Magellan n n n 1519 explored South America, finally rounds the Tierra del Fuego to see Pacific Sailed to Asia Took four months: ate rats, sawdust, and leather to survive Magellan killed in Philippines Crew finally made it back to Spain, only one of the five ships and 18 of the 237 crew members made it First crew to circumnavigate the globe

III. Spain in America A. Conquistadores: Gold, Glory, and God n n n Explorers had right to explore and establish settlements in Americas Had to give 1/5 of gold to the Spanish crown Greedy and ruthless, many times the second and third sons of estates n Harsher to natives than other nations

1. Cortes and the Aztecs Came to Tenochtitlan in 1519 Invited to live there with Montezuma Cortes took him prisoner when he feared a rebellion Kicked out, got reinforcements and took the city in 1521 with only 500 men Reasons why n n n Allies Horses Gunpowder Aztecs thought he was long lost god Quetzalcoatl Disease 2. Pizarro Conquers Peru n 180 soldiers captured Atahualpa in 1532 n Destroyed much of their army and took over the empire n Moved the capital to Lima

B. Spain in North America 1. Seven Cities of Gold, Garden of Eden, and the Fountain of Youth Juan Ponce de Leon n n Explored Florida for fountain His exploration led to first permanent settlement in 1565, St. Augustine Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca n n n Explored Florida, sailed to Texas and lost most of the expedition Had to live with Natives to survive Finally made it to Mexico and told tales of cities of gold

1. Seven Cities of Gold, Garden of Eden, and the Fountain of Youth cont. Hernando de Soto n Explored southeastern U. S. , first to cross the Mississippi, died of fever Francisco Coronado n n Explored southwestern part of U. S No one ever found the cities of gold

C. Spanish Rule Started pueblos, missions, and presidios Social Classes n Peninsulares: Spanish born, owned land, worked for church and ran the govt. Creoles: Spanish descent born in America Mestizos: Spanish and Indian mix Mullatoes: African and White mix n Natives: usually slaves, had no rights n n n Encomiendas n n Right to demand taxes and labor from Native Americans living on the land Made them slaves Plantation System n n n Sugarcane and tobacco huge profits Indians dying so they’re replaced by Africans Portuguese do the same thing in Brazil

IV. Exploring North America A. Divided Church n Martin Luther and 95 Theses 1. Protestant Reformation and Rivalries n n n John Calvin, Henry VIII Nations divided among Catholics and Protestants French and Spanish vs. Dutch and English n Settled different regions

B. Economic Rivalry Mercantilism n n n A nation’s power was based on wealth Try to increase the amount of gold and silver in a country Compete for overseas territory 1. Columbian Exchange n n European Invasion Exchange goods, people, ideas between two continents

2. Northwest Passage Look for quicker route to China England sends John Cabot to explore in 1497 n Lands on Newfoundland 1524 France sent Giovanni da Verrazano n Lands in Nova Scotia, Jacques Cartier explores the St. Lawrence River Henry Hudson n Sent by Dutch first, finds the Hudson River n Later English sent him and he finds Hudson Bay, n Sailors kicked him off, never seen again

Northwest Passage cont. French Open Trading Post n Didn’t want an empire, wanted trade n Set up trading posts for furs n 1608 Quebec founded by Samuel de Champlain’s group n Trappers called coureurs de bois Dutch Settlements n Big fleet of merchant ships n Dutch West Indies Co. set up in 1621 and New Netherlands n New Amsterdam bought in 1624 for 24 dollars in beads, knives, trading goods for the island

The 13 Colonies Unit Regions in Review Main Idea: Each colonial region had characteristics that made the area unique when compared to the other colonies.

NEW ENGLAND Climate: Long winters and rocky soil People: English settlers made up the largest group in the region’s population Agriculture: Subsistence Farming Trade/Industry: Timber and Fishing (part of the Triangular Trade system) success led to the Navigation Acts Slavery: Not economical for the region, but slaves that did reside in N. E. worked in stables, as servants, cooks, and gardeners. Religion: Mainly Puritan/Anglican

Middle Colonies Climate: Short winters and fertile soil People: Immigrants from all over Europe (i. e German, Dutch, English, French, Irish…) Agriculture: Grew cash crops the “Breadbasket colonies” Trade/Industry: Excellent harbors and trade led to the growth of large coastal cities (Philadelphia and New York) Slavery: 7% of enslaved people lived with in the region- racial tensions led to some problems. Religion: “Climate of tolerance” no single

Southern Colonies (Plantations and Slavery) Climate: Warm climate and good soil (year round growing season) People: German, English, enslaved Africans Agriculture: Mass production of indigo, rice, tobacco, and cotton- on PLANTATIONS Trade/Industry: Plantation economy- planter class (white plantation owners) top social latter, poor whites & enslaved Africans have little power Slavery: 85% of enslaved Africans lived in the region (40% of total population) Religion: Fairly tolerant

Important Vocab: Words to define and apply Subsistence Farming Navigation Acts Cash Crops Conestoga Wagon Plantation system (define the economic system) Overseer Stono Rebellion Fallline Piedmont Clans

Final Thoughts: Each colonial region was distinct, factors that influenced their unique development include the following: Climate People Agriculture Trade/Industry Views on and usage of slavery Religion