Chapter 2 Early Societies in Southeast Asia and
- Slides: 52
Chapter 2 Early Societies in Southeast Asia and the Indo-European Migrations
Civilization Defined • • Cities/Urban Political/Military system Social Hierarchy Economic/Job Specialization Complex Religion Written Language “Higher Culture” – Art & Architecture Public Works
History of the Near East
Early Mesopotamia Sumerians 3000 -2000 B. C. E. • “Between the Rivers” – Tigris and Euphrates • Modern-day Iraq • Cultural continuum of “fertile crescent” • Sumerians the dominant people
The Wealth of the Rivers • Nutrient-rich silt • Key: irrigation – Necessity of coordinated efforts (reservoirs, canals, dikes, dams) – Promoted development of local governments – City-states • Sumer begins small-scale irrigation 6000 BCE • By 5000 BCE, complex irrigation networks – Population reaches 100, 000 by 3000 BCE • Attracts Semitic migrants, influences culture
Sumerian City-States • Cities appear 4000 BCE • Dominate region from 3200 -2350 BCE – Ur (home of Abraham, see Genesis 11: 28), Nineveh • Ziggurat - home of the city god • Divine mandate to Kings • Regulation of Trade • Defense from nomadic marauders • Technology: – Carts & plows – Sundials & 12 month calendar – Sexagesimal number system - 60
The Ziggurat of Ur
Ziggurat at Ur § Temple § “Mountain of the Gods”
Example of Defensive Walls
Sumerian Religion - Polytheistic Innana Enki Anthropomorphic Gods
Political Decline of Sumer • Semitic peoples from northern Mesopotamia overshadow Sumer – Sargon of Akkad (2370 -2315 BCE) • Destroyed Sumerian city-states one by one, created empire based in Akkad • Empire unable to maintain chronic rebellions • Hammurabi of Babylon (1792 -1750 BCE) – New weapon: compound or composite bow – Improved taxation, legislation – Used local governors to maintain control of city-states • Babylonian Empire later destroyed by Hittites from Anatolia, c. 1595 BCE
Akkadian Empire
Hammurabi The upper part of the stele of Hammurabi’s code of laws
Legal System • The Code of Hammurabi • Established high standards of behavior and stern punishment for violators – lex talionis – “law of retaliation” – Social status and punishment – women as property, but some rights • More rights than in Sumer • Could be merchants, traders and scribes • Could divorce if subject to cruelty
Babylonian Culture • Astronomy – Could predict movement of planets and eclipses of the moon – Developed lunar calendar – Astronomy was linked to astrology
Hittite Chariot and Soldiers
Later Mesopotamian Empires • Weakening of central rule an invitation to foreign invaders • Assyrians use new iron weaponry – Beginning 1300 BCE, by 8 th-7 th centuries BCE control Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, most of Egypt • Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon (r. 605 -562) takes advantage of internal dissent to create Chaldean (New Babylonian) Empire – Famously luxurious capital
The Hanging Gardens by Heemskerc, 16 th C. Martin
Mesopotamian Empires, 1800 -600 BCE
Technological Development in Mesopotamia • Bronze (copper with tin), c. 4000 BCE – Military, agricultural applications • Iron, c. 1000 BCE – Cheaper than bronze • Wheel, boats, c. 3500 BCE • Shipbuilding increases trade networks
Sophisticated Metallurgy Skills at Ur
Social Classes • Ruling classes based often on military prowess – Originally elected, later hereditary – Perceived as offspring of gods • Religious classes – Role: intervention with gods to ensure fertility, safety – Considerable landholdings, other economic activities • Free commoners – Peasant cultivators – Some urban professionals • Slaves – Prisoners of war, convicted criminals, debtors
Patriarchal Society • Men as landowners, relationship to status • Patriarchy: “rule of the father” – Right to sell wives, children • Double standard of sexual morality – Women drowned for adultery – Relaxed sexual mores for men • Yet some possibilities of social mobility for women – Court advisers, temple priestesses, economic activity • Introduction of the veil at least c. 1500 BCE
Development of Writing • Sumerian writing systems form 3500 BCE • Pictographs • Cuneiform: “wedge-shaped” – Preservation of documents on clay – Declines from 400 BCE with spread of Greek alphabetic script
Cuneiform: “Wedge-Shaped” Writing
Cuneiform Writing
Deciphering Cuneiform
Sumerian Scribes “Tablet House”
Uses for Writing • Trade • Astronomy • Mathematics – Agricultural applications • Calculation of time – 12 -month year – 24 -hour day, 60 -minute hour
Mesopotamian Literature • Epic of Gilgamesh, compiled after 2000 BCE • Heroic saga • Search for meaning, esp. afterlife • This-worldly emphasis
Gilgamesh
Gilgamesh
Gilgamesh Epic Tablet: Flood Story
The Early Hebrews • The Hebrews descendants become the Israelites whose descendants become the Jews. • Patriarchs and Matriarchs from Babylon, c. 1850 BCE • Parallels between early biblical texts, Code of Hammurabi • Early settlement of Canaan (Israel), c. 1300 BCE – Biblical text: slavery in Egypt, divine redemption • On-going conflict with indigenous populations under King David (1000 -970 BCE) and Solomon (970 -930 BCE)
Egypt's king, Ramses II, written about in the Old Testament, is now thought to have reigned between 1290 -1224 B. C. E. This Egyptian wall art depicts Ramses holding what is suspected to be three slaves. One is black, one appears to be East Asian, and the third, in the foreground, appears to be Semitic. The blacks and Semite came from close by. The East Asian leaves us wondering.
David and Goliath by Caravaggio, 1600
Michelangelo's David
David with the Head of Goliath, c. 1450/1455, Andrea del Castagno
Model of Solomon’s Temple
Moses and Monotheism • Hebrews shared polytheistic beliefs of other Mesopotamian civilizations • Moses introduces monotheism, belief in single god – Denies existence of competing parallel deities – Personal god: reward and punishment for conformity with revealed law – The Torah (“doctrine or teaching”)
Foreign conquests of Israel • Assyrian conquest, 722 BCE – Conquered the northern kingdom – Deported many inhabitants to other regions – Many exiles assimilated and lost their identity • Babylonian conquest, 586 BCE – Destroyed Jerusalem – Forced many into exile: Diaspora – Israelites maintained their religious identity and many returned to Judea
The Phoenicians • City-states along Mediterranean coast after 3000 BCE • Extensive maritime trade – Dominated Mediterranean trade, 1200 -800 BCE • Traded cedar, colored dyes, glass and much else • Development of alphabet symbols – Simpler alternative to cuneiform – Spread of literacy
Israel and Phoenicia , 1500 -600 BCE
Indo-European Migrations • Common roots of many languages of Europe, southwest Asia, India • Implies influence of a single Indo. European people – Probable original homeland: modern-day Ukraine and Russia, 4500 -2500 BCE • Domestication of horses, use of Sumerian weaponry allowed them to spread widely
Indo-European Migrations 3000 -1000 BCE
Implications of Indo-European Migration • Hittites migrate to central Anatolia, c. 1900 BCE, later dominate Babylonia • Influence on trade – Horses, chariots with spoked wheels – Iron – Migrations to western China, Greece, Italy also significant
- Chapter 12 section 5 kingdoms of southeast asia and korea
- Colonies in southeast asia 1895
- Chapter 27 section 5 imperialism in southeast asia
- Chapter 25 lesson 4 imperialism in latin america
- Chapter 11 section 5 imperialism in southeast asia
- Chapter 11 section 5 imperialism in southeast asia
- Imperialism in southeast asia chapter 27 section 5
- Mainland of southeast asia
- Imperialism in southeast asia and the pacific
- African coty model
- Landforms of southeast asia
- Is india southeast asia
- Climate regions in east asia
- Chapter 15 lesson 1 physical geography of north africa
- Southeast asian alphabets
- Ano ibig sabihin ng seato
- Is asia rich in natural resources
- Define imperialize
- Colonial rule in southeast asia
- Spice t chart
- Weaving the web of an indian ocean world
- Countries in southeast asia
- Countries in southeast asia
- Customs lawyers southeast asia
- Insular southeast asia
- Southeast asia 1450 to 1750
- In 1500 mainland southeast asia was a relatively
- Monotheism
- Early cpr and early defibrillation can: *
- Mali empire spice chart
- Chapter 15 societies and empires of africa
- Chapter 31 societies at crossroads
- Southeast states and capitals
- History helps us understand people and society
- North and central african societies
- Refreshments trading account
- Difference between a building society and a bank
- Ib environmental systems and societies ia
- School of languages cultures and societies
- North and central african societies
- Chapter 35 nationalism and political identities in asia
- Chapter 36 nationalism and political identities in asia
- Chapter 27 tradition and change in east asia
- Chapter 27 tradition and change in east asia
- Chapter 26 tradition and change in east asia
- Chapter 18 colonial encounters in asia and africa
- Chapter 27 tradition and change in east asia
- Pastoral society characteristics
- Simple horticultural societies
- Describe preindustrial societies of agriculturalists.
- Pastoral society characteristics
- Pre-literate society examples
- Simple horticultural societies