Chapter 2 Conformity Part 2 Aronson The Social

Chapter 2: Conformity - Part 2 Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

- When reality is unclear, other people become a major source of information. Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

3 Types of Responses to Social Influence (Conformity) • Compliance 順從 • Identification 認同 • Internalization 內化 Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Compliance 順從 • Conformity due to rewards or punishments • Often temporary • Not much difference between animals & human beings e. g. , food rats run maze cookie treat younger sister nicely threat ppl. follow dictator’s order Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Identification認同 • Conformity based on the desire to be like the influencer(s) • Good-old-Uncle-Charlie phenomenon -> opinions (e. g. , politics) • We come to believe in the same values, but not very strongly. Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Identification認同 • Cohen & Prinstein (2006): - high school students - online chat room - What would you do if were offered marijuana at a party? - Led to believe they were chatting with 2 popular and admired students (strangers) influenced by their opinions - Influence was lasting (private opinions) Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Internalization 內化 • We want to be right • Most permanent • Credible and trustworthy person Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

• Question: 你不超速, why? Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

• Any specific action may be due to either compliance, identification or internalization. • E. g. , fast driving: Compliance police/camera Identification my parent/uncle/aunt Internalization speed laws are good Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

• The Major Element in Each Type of Response: • Compliance – Power (parents, teachers, police) • Identification – Attractiveness • Internalization – Credibility Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Obedience 服從權威 • Obedience = a form of compliance順從 • Though not permanent, the effect can be destructive. • Milgram wondered: • “If Hitler asked you to, would you execute a stranger? ” Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Milgram and Obedience 服從權威 • Study: Cover story: memory & learning • Participant arrives; draws slips • Participant: Teacher • Confederate: Learner (40 s, slightly choppy, looks pleasant) • Experimenter: stern-looking; white coat Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Milgram and Obedience 服從權威 • 唸這張單子上的詞彙給學生聽. (box & flower; black & car …) • 如果他學不會, 你就電擊他. • Switches – 15 volts – 450 volts • Watch the man being placed in another room • Tied to a chair; inquire about heart condition Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Milgram and Obedience 服從權威 • 唸詞彙 (box & flower; black & car …) • Say a word, give him 4 choices. • First did fine, then began to make mistakes. -> Experimenter standing next to the participant, telling him “Please continue”. Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Milgram and Obedience 服從權威 • 75 volts – 對講機傳來他的哀嚎聲 Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Milgram and Obedience 服從權威 • 150 volts – “讓我離開! 我有心臟病. ” Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Milgram and Obedience 服從權威 • 180 volts – “我受不了了!” Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Milgram and Obedience 服從權威 • 375 volts – scream & then ……. silent Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Milgram and Obedience 服從權威 Question: How many % of participants would give them 450 volts? 1) 2) 3) 4) 25% 45% 65% 85% Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Milgram and Obedience 服從權威 Answer: • 65% of participants continued to the end: 450 volts! (Predictions by Yale students & Psychiatrists) Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Milgram and Obedience • 1 subject: “I stopped, but he [the experimenter] made me go on…”. • Many were in agony, but continued. Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Milgram and Obedience **Sadly, ordinary people could be seduced into behaving in ways that might lead to killing innocent victims. Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Milgram’s research scenario maximized obedience: • Participants were volunteers • Participants were alone with experimenter • Experimenter was highly credible authority figure • Setting was highly credible university Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Obedience decreased if…. • Authority figure was not present in the room • Experiment was conducted in rundown commercial bldg • Experimenter required to physically hold participant’s arm on the shock plate Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Obedience (continued) • People predict: 別人比我容易服從權威 Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Stanford Prison Experiment • http: //www. prisonexp. org/slide-1. htm • Aftermath: http: //www. prisonexp. org/faq. htm • Book: 路西法效應. Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Conformist: The Uninvolved Bystander • In 1964, Kitty Genovese was killed in New York City; at least 30 people watched without intervening or calling police Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Conformist: The Uninvolved Bystander • Noninternvention 不介入 = an act of conformity. Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Conformist: The Uninvolved Bystander • Other people => cues: reasonableness of helping/not helping Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

• E. g. , You see a woman lying on the street; you see people walking by…glancing at her…and continue walking • How would you interpret this situation? Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

• If it is so important, why don’t other people do anything? Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

• Latane & Rodin (1969): “A lady in distress”. Fill out questionnaire; female experimenter pretended to have fallen (tape recorder): “I can’t move!” If alone: 70% helped If w/ another participant: 20% helped Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Bystander Effect 旁觀者效應 • Presence of another bystander diffuses responsibility and inhibits action Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Increasing helping behavior (6) 1. Situation seems like an emergency 2. The cost of helping is perceived as low 3. Individual has face-to-face contact with victim Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2

Increasing helping behavior 4. Individual believes he/she is the only one able or available to help 5. Individual perceives that he/she has the real ability to help 6. Connection or ties (family; same group) Aronson, The Social Animal, Ninth Edition – Chapter 2