Chapter 2 Conceptual frameworks for spatial analysis www

Chapter 2 Conceptual frameworks for spatial analysis www. spatialanalysisonline. com

The geospatial perspective l. A distinct perspective on the world l Domain of geospatial analysis l Dealing with what happens where l Human computer interface 3 rd edition www. spatialanalysisonline. com 2

Basic primitives: Place l Terrestrial scale - shape and size l Naming of places l Dynamics l Need for rigour – coordinate systems and datums l 2 D vs 3 D perspectives on geospatial issues 3 rd edition www. spatialanalysisonline. com 3

Basic primitives: Attributes l Characteristics associated with place l Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio and Cyclical scales l Spatial intensive measures l Spatial extensive measures 3 rd edition www. spatialanalysisonline. com 4

Basic primitives: Attributes l Attribute 3 rd edition tables www. spatialanalysisonline. com 5

Basic primitives: Objects l Points l Lines l Areas l Representative points l Polylines l Polygons 3 rd edition www. spatialanalysisonline. com 6

Basic primitives: Maps l Communicating with maps l Traditional maps l Digital mapping l Alternative visualisations – 3 D and dynamic 3 rd edition www. spatialanalysisonline. com 7

Basic primitives: Multiple properties l Multiple properties of place l Concept of layers l Combining layers l Resolving modelling and geocoding differences 3 rd edition www. spatialanalysisonline. com 8

Basic primitives: Fields Discrete-object view l Continuous-field view l Data modelling as a form of representation l Conversion between model views l 3 rd edition www. spatialanalysisonline. com 9

Basic primitives: Spatial weights l Adjacency models l Proximity – distance based l Spatial weights matrices, W 3 rd edition www. spatialanalysisonline. com 10

Basic primitives: Networks l Basic components of a network l Forms of network l Concept of network topology l Applications of network analysis 3 rd edition www. spatialanalysisonline. com 11

Basic primitives: Density l Density as object count (n) divided by area (a), so d=n/a l Density as link between discrete and continuous model views l Sensitivity to definition of both n and a 3 rd edition www. spatialanalysisonline. com 12

Basic primitives: detail, resolution, scale l Intrinsic complexity of the real world l Spatial resolution l Representative fraction l Resolution and digital datasets l Temporal resolution 3 rd edition www. spatialanalysisonline. com 13

Basic primitives: Topology l General concepts of topology l Topological dimension l Adjacency l Connectivity l Containment 3 rd edition www. spatialanalysisonline. com 14

Spatial relationships: Overview l Invariance and displacement ¡ Translation/displacement, rotation, reflection l Relative positioning l Co-location ¡ ¡ ¡ 3 rd edition Overlay Intersection and Union Co-located or proximal? www. spatialanalysisonline. com 15

Spatial relationships: Distance & direction l Location and distance/direction calculations l Representative points l Direction and circular measure l Spatial weights matrices Determination of weights: binary and realvalued ¡ Reconstruction and MDS ¡ 3 rd edition www. spatialanalysisonline. com 16

Spatial relationships: Context l Spatial context and proximity l Neighbourhoods ¡ Uniform distance ¡ Zonal ¡ Weighted ¡… l Heterogeneity 3 rd edition www. spatialanalysisonline. com 17

Spatial relationships: Dependence l Spatial dependence and Tobler’s 1 st Law l Spatial autocorrelation l Correlograms l Geostatistics 3 rd edition www. spatialanalysisonline. com 18

Spatial relationships: Sampling & interpolation l Point ¡ ¡ ¡ sampling Systematic Random Stratified l Zonal sampling and statistics l Fields and interpolation 3 rd edition www. spatialanalysisonline. com 19

Spatial relationships: Smoothing & sharpening l Convolution l 1 st-order processes l 2 nd-order processes l Pattern and process l Filtering 3 rd edition www. spatialanalysisonline. com 20

Spatial statistics: Probability & uncertainty l Probability in a spatial context l Marginal vs Joint probability l Probability fields l Probability and uncertainty l Probability density l Uncertainty and error propagation l Uncertainty and accuracy 3 rd edition www. spatialanalysisonline. com 21

Spatial statistics: Inference l Statistical inference and significance l Confidence l Controlled experiments l Natural experiments l Sampling & independence l Samples vs populations 3 rd edition www. spatialanalysisonline. com 22

Spatial data infrastructure l Agencies and standards l Geoportals l Metadata l Interoperability 3 rd edition www. spatialanalysisonline. com 23