Chapter 2 3 Carbon compounds Monomer vs polymer

Chapter 2. 3 Carbon compounds

Monomer vs. polymer Monomer – smaller units/parts. Ex: single sugar n Polymer- made of monomers. Ex: many sugars n Mono = “one” n Poly = “many” n

What is the difference between monomers and polymers?

MACROMOLECULES ORGANIC COMPOUNDS in living things: n carbohydrates n lipids n nucleic acids n proteins Organic = has carbon in it

1. Carbohydrate n n n made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen compounds. Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants and some animals use carbohydrates for structural purposes. Monosaccharide= single sugar molecules ex: glucose, galactose, fructose Polysaccharide= many monosacharides are connected together to make polysaccharides. Ex: glycogen (which is stored in liver and muscles for an immediate release when the level of glucose is low)

2. Lipid n n n fats, made from carbon and hydrogen atoms. Examples: butter, oil, wax. Lipids are used as an energy source. However, they can also be used for building membranes and waterproof coverages. Saturated fat= means that each carbon atom is joined to another carbon by a single bond a lipid’s fatty acids. Ex: butter, margarine (solids). Unsaturated fat= means that there is at least one double bond between two carbons in a fatty acid. If there is more than one double bond, it’s called polyunsaturated fat. Ex: any cooking oil, sesame oil, peanut oil (liquids)

3. Nucleic Acid n n has hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus. They are polymers because they are connected by monomers known as nucleotides. Nucleotide: has three parts: a 5 -carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleic acids carry genetic information. There are 2 kinds of nucleic acids: Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)- has sugar called ribose Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) – has sugar called deoxyribose

4. Protein n n has nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids (aa). There are 20 aa. Each protein has a specific role. -Some proteins speed up chemical reactions (they are called enzymes) and regulate cell processes. -Some are used to form bones and muscles. -Other transport substances into or out of cells to help to fight disease. The four level of organization in proteins are called: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary.