Chapter 19 The Oceans and Human Affairs 1

Chapter 19 The Oceans and Human Affairs 바다와 인간사 1 Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chapter Opener

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Ancient Oceanic Explorers • Ancient oceanic explorers include: – Arab sailors who sailed across the Indian Ocean – Vikings sailing across the North Atlantic – Polynesians sailed the Pacific Ocean – Chinese sailors sailed Indian Ocean and may have reached Pacific shores 6

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European Explorers • Quest to discover new lands was pioneered by the Portuguese • They sailed around the tip of Africa to India by the late 15 th century • Columbus “discovered” the New World in 1492 (earlier voyages by the Vikings to the New World had never been shared) • Between 1480 and 1780, explorers from all over Europe sailed all over the world with few coastlines left explored 9

Other Exploration • England, Netherlands and Portugal emerged as leading nations during the modern time due to their sea trade and power • “Those who rule the sea, rule the land” became the prevailing motto of the day 10

Maritime Cultures • Maritime cultures are defined as having an intimate relationship with the sea • Example of traditional maritime cultures: Native Americans from Southern Alaska to Northern California – This culture was dependent on salmon, marine mammals and shellfish – This culture recognized and followed migration patterns – Marine life was basis for religious beliefs 11

Maritime Cultures • Some maritime cultures still exist such as: – Bajaus (바자우) or “sea gypsies of the Philippines and Borneo – Kuna Indians of the Caribbean coast of Panama 12

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Modern Uses of Ocean • Shipping (this is still the cheapest way to transport large quantities) • Tourism • Recreation 휴양 (whale-watching, snorkeling, diving, sailing, water-skiing, etc) • Food – fish, shellfish, kelp, etc. 16

Protecting the Future • The ocean is under constant threat from pollution, global warming, sea level rise, habitat destruction, overfishing and other dangers (+ocean acidification) • To help protect oceanic resources, a treaty was developed in 1982 called the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 유엔해양법협약 17

Protecting the Future • This treaty has several provisions: – Establishment of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) that extends a nation’s economic interests 200 nautical miles from the coast – Establishment of free passage through waters 12 miles or more from a nation’s shores – Establishment of unimpeded surface and submarine travel through straits within the territorial sea of more than one nation – 영해, 배타적경제수역, 자유통행(무해통항권), 공해 18

Protecting the Future • United Nations Conference on Environment and Development 유엔환경개발회의 (리우정상회담, 생물다 양성협약) – This was developed in 1992 as an agreement to preserve biodiversity • While some progress has been made, additional protections are needed to ensure the long-term health of the oceans and its inhabitants • 수중문화유산의 보호회의(Convention of the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage) 19

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UNESCO Convention • All traces of human existence underwater which are one hundred years old or more are protected by the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. (http: //www. unesco. org/new/en/culture/themes/underwatercultural-heritage/) • This convention aims at preventing the destruction or loss of historic and cultural information and looting. • It helps states parties to protect their underwater cultural heritage with an international legal framework. • UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Heritage (http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ao. NV 8 t. RVRqo)

http: //www. unesco. org/culture/en/underwater/pdf/UCH-Manual. pdf