Chapter 19 The Endocrine System Power Point Lecture

Chapter 19 The Endocrine System Power. Point® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason La. Pres North Harris College Houston, Texas Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Introduction § The nervous system and endocrine system work together to monitor and adjust physiological activities. § In general, the nervous system performs short- term “crisis management, ” and the endocrine system regulates longer-term, ongoing metabolic processes. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

An Overview of the Endocrine System § Endocrine system includes all of the endocrine cells and tissues of the body. § Endocrine cells are glandular secretory cells that release hormones. § Hormones are organized into four groups based on chemical structure: § Amino acid derivatives § Peptide hormones § Steroid hormones § Eicosanoids Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

An Overview of the Endocrine System § Endocrine activity is controlled by endocrine reflexes that are triggered by: § Humoral stimuli § Hormonal stimuli § Neural stimuli Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

An Overview of the Endocrine System Figure 19. 1 The Endocrine System Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

An Overview of the Endocrine System Figure 19. 2 Hypothalamic Control over Endocrine Organs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pituitary Gland § The pituitary gland, or hypophysis § Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe) § ADH § Oxytocin § Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe) § ACTH — adrenocorticotropic hormone § TSH — thyroid-stimulating hormone § GH — growth hormone § PRL — prolactin § FSH — follicle-stimulating hormone § LH — luteinizing hormone Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pituitary Gland Figure 19. 3 Gross Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Pituitary Gland Its Subdivisions Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pituitary Gland TABLE 19. 1 The Pituitary Hormones Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pituitary Gland Figure 19. 4 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pituitary Gland Figure 19. 5 The Pituitary Gland the Hypophyseal Portal System Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Thyroid Gland § Sits on thyroid cartilage of larynx § Butterfly-like appearance § Consists of two main lobes connected by the isthmus § Controls metabolism § Thyroxine (T 4) § Triiodothyronine (T 3) § Involved in calcium homeostasis § Calcitonin Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Thyroid Gland Figure 19. 6 a Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Thyroid Gland: (a) Location of Thyroid Gland, Anterior View Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Thyroid Gland Figure 19. 6 b Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Thyroid Gland: (b) Thyroid Gland Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Thyroid Gland Figure 19. 6 c Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Thyroid Gland: (c) Thyroid Follicles Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Thyroid Gland Figure 19. 7 The Regulation of Thyroid Secretion Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Parathyroid Glands §Located on the back of the thyroid gland §Two types of cells: § Parathyroid cells, or principal cells— glandular cells that produce the hormone PTH § Oxyphil cells and transitional cells— likely immature or inactive principal cells §Regulates calcium homeostasis § PTH— parathyroid hormone Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Parathyroid Glands Figure 19. 8 Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Parathyroid Glands Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Thymus § Located on top of the heart § Secretes many chemicals that help T cells of the immune system develop § Thymosins § Atrophies as one ages Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Thymus Figure 19. 1 The Endocrine System Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Thymus Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Suprarenal Glands § Located on top of kidneys § Manages stress levels § Can be divided into two regions: § Suprarenal cortex § The Zona Glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids. § The Zona Fasciculata produces glucocorticoids. § The Zona Reticularis produces androgens. § Suprarenal medulla § Chromaffin cells produce epinephrine (adrenaline) and norephinephrine (noradrenaline). Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Suprarenal Glands Figure 19. 9 Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Suprarenal Gland Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Suprarenal Glands Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys and Heart § The kidneys § Renin, an enzyme § Erythropoietin, a peptide hormone § Calcitriol, a steroid hormone § The heart § Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) § Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) § Both produce hormones involved with the regulation of blood pressure and blood volume Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pancreas and Other Endocrine Tissues of the Digestive System § The Pancreas — located under stomach § Alpha cells — glucagon § Beta cells — insulin § Delta cells — somatostatin (growth-hormone inhibiting hormone) § F cells — pancreatic polypeptide (PP) § Other digestive hormones discussed in digestive chapter Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pancreas and Other Endocrine Tissues of M the Digestive System Figure 19. 10 Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Pancreas Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pancreas and Other Endocrine Tissues of M the Digestive System Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Endocrine Tissues of the Reproductive System § Testes § Interstitial cells produce androgens (testosterone) § Promotes production of functional sperms, maintains secretory glands, influences secondary sexual characteristics, and stimultes muscle growth § Nurse cells (or sustentabular cells) secrete inhibin § Ovaries § Follicular cells produce estrogens and secrete inhibin § Corpus luteum releases progestins and relaxin Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Endocrine Tissues of the Reproductive System TABLE 19. 5 Hormones of the Reproductive System Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pineal Gland § Part of the epithalamus § Contains neurons, glial cells, and special secretary cells called pinealocytes § Pinealocytes synthesizes the hormone, melatonin § Melatonin § Slows the maturation of sperm, oocytes, and reproductive organs § Production rate rises at night and declines during the day Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pineal Gland Figure 19. 1 The Endocrine System Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Hormones and Aging §Exhibits relatively few changes with advancing age §One can expect § The changes in reproduction hormone levels at puberty § The decline in the concentration of reproductive hormones at menopause in women Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Clinical Note Figure 19. 11 Endocrine Abnormalities Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Clinical Note Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Clinical Note Figure 19. 12 Joan’s MRI Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Clinical Note Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings