Chapter 19 Section 1 Europeans Explore the East

Chapter 19 Section 1 “Europeans Explore the East”

For “God, Glory, and Gold” n Europeans Seek New Trade Routes n n Main reason for exploration is to gain wealth Contact during Crusades spurs demand for Asian goods Muslims and Italians control trade from East to West Other European nations want to bypass these powers

n The Spread of Christianity n n The desire to spread the religion motivates Europeans to explore Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias wants to serve God and king

Technology Makes Exploration Possible n In 1400 s the caravel makes it possible to sail against wind

Technology Makes Exploration Possible n n n Astrolabe makes navigation easier Used to determine altitude of stars Magnetic compass improves tracking of direction

Portugal Leads the Way n The Portuguese Explore Africa n n n Prince Henry supports exploration In 1419, he founds navigation school on coast of Portugal By 1460, there are trading posts along west coast of Africa

n Portuguese Sailors Reach Asia n n n 1488 – Bartolomeu Dias sails around the southern tip of Africa 1498 – Vasco da Gama sails to India 1499 – da Gama returns to Portugal with valuable cargo

Spain Also Makes Claims n A Rival Power n n n Columbus sails for Spain Reaches the Americas instead of Asia Opens Americas to exploration and colonization

n n 1493 – Pope decides to divide these lands between Spain and Portugal with an imaginary line through the Atlantic Ocean 1494 – agreement formalized by the Treaty of Tordesillas

Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean n Portugal’s Trading Empire n n 1509 – Portugal defeats Muslims, takes over Indian Ocean trade 1510 – Portugal captures Goa, port city in western India 1511 – Portugal seizes Malacca, in Malay Peninsula These gains break Muslim-Italian hold on Asian trade

n Other Nations Challenge the Portuguese n n n English and Dutch begin moving into Asia in the 17 th century Dutch have more ships than any other nation in 1600 Dutch and English weaken Portuguese control of Asian trade Dutch then overpower English Form Dutch East India Company for Asian Trade

n European Trade Outposts n n n 1619 – Dutch set up trade headquarters at Batavia, on Java Throughout 1600 s, Dutch trade grows Amsterdam, Dutch capital, becomes wealthy city Dutch also control southern tip of Africa England’s East India Company gains strength in India France also gains trade foothold in India

Chapter 20 Section 1 “Spain Builds an American Empire”

The Voyages of Columbus n First Encounters n n Genoese sea captain Christopher Columbus reaches America (1492) Thinks he is in East Indies, calls natives “los indios” Indians Actually lands on an island, probably in the Bahamas Unable to find gold, he claims many islands for Spain

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Other Explorers Take to the Seas n n n 1500 -Pedro Alvares Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal 1501 -Amerigo Vespucci travels the eastern coast of S. America in the name of Portugal. (continent was named after him) 1509 -Ferdinand Magellan’s crew of Portugal circumnavigates the globe.

Vespucci’s Voyages

Spanish Conquests in Mexico n Conquistadors-(Spanish conquerors) n n n 1519 -Hernando Cortes, Spanish explorer, lands in Mexico Cortes and 600 men reach Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan 1521 -Aztec empire is conquered n n Europeans superior weaponry Many native Aztec die from European disease

n Meeting of Cortes and Montezuma

Spanish Conquests in Peru n n 1532 -Francisco Pizarro leads forces into Peru. 1533 -Pizarro kills Inca leader Atahualpa and conquers the Inca.

Spain’s Pattern of Conquest n n n Spanish men and Native women have children Result is large mestizo (mixed heritage) Encomienda system-Spanish force Native Americans to work for them

The Portuguese in Brazil n n The land did not have much gold or silver Portuguese settlers began clearing the forest land for sugar plantations n n Great demand for sugar in Europe Allowed Portuguese eventual wealth

Spain’s Influence Expands n Growth of Spanish Power n n Conquests bring great wealth to Spain enlarges its navy to protect cargo treasures

Conquistadors Push North n n 1513 -Ponce de Leon claims Florida for Spain 1540 -Francisco Vasquez de Coronado explores Southwest, finding little gold Catholic priests set up missions in Southwest Early 1600 s, capital of Santa Fe established in Pueblo region

Opposition to Spanish Rule n Protests against mistreatmentn n Catholic priests upset at how Native Americans treated Spoke out against harsh patterns of labor

African Slavery and Native Resistance n n n 1542 -Spain abolishes encomienda system Need for workers in mines and farms met with enslaved Africans Some Native Americans resist Spanish conquerors 1680 -Pope leads rebellion against Spain in modern day New Mexico Spanish driven out, but return 12 yrs later

Chapter 20 Section 2 European Nations Settle North America

Other European Claims in North America n n n French English Dutch

Explorers Establish New France n n n Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec New France - French colony in North America New France includes Great Lakes and Mississippi River valley

A Trading Empire n n New France is very large but has few inhabitants Main activity of the colony is the fur trade

Beaver Pelts and More

The English Arrive in North America n The First English Colony n n King James permits investors to start North American colony 1607 – colonists found Jamestown – English settlement in Virginia

n The Settlement at Jamestown n n Early years very difficult Many die, but settlement takes hold

n Puritans Create a “New England” n n n Pilgrims – group persecuted for religion – found Plymouth in 1620 Puritans – group seeking religious freedom – settle in Massachusetts Many families in Massachusetts colony, which begins to grow

n The Dutch Found New Netherland n n n 1609 – Henry Hudson explores waterways for Dutch claim land, found New Netherland – now Albany and New York City Dutch focus on fur trade; welcome settlers from other lands

n Colonizing the Caribbean n n European nations also start colonies in Caribbean Large cotton, sugar plantations worked by enslaved Africans

The Struggle for North America n The English Oust the Dutch n n n New Netherland splits northern, southern English colonies 1664 – English force Dutch colonists to surrender control 1750 – about 1. 2 million English settlers in 13 colonies

n England Battles France n n n English settlers, pushing west, collide with French possessions French and Indian War – part of Seven Years’ War – begins 1754 1763 – France loses to Britain, gives up its American colonies

Native Americans Respond n A Strained Relationship n n French and Dutch fur traders get along well with Native Americans English settlers and Native Americans disagree over land, religion

n Settlers and Native Americans Battle n n n Hostility often breaks out into war Native American ruler Metacom launches attacks on colonists in 1675 Natives Fall to Disease n n Wars are less deadly to Native Americans than European diseases Colonists use enslaved African to work in place of Native Americans

Chapter 20 Section 3 “The Atlantic Slave Trade”

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

The Slave Trade 1. Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. 2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. 275, 000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries. 3. Between 16 c & 19 c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

Slave Ship

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

Slave Trade Timeline

Chapter 20 Section 4 “The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade”

The “Columbian Exchange” v Squash v Avocado v Peppers v Sweet Potatoes v Turkey v Pumpkin v Tobacco v Quinine v Cocoa v Pineapple v Cassava v POTATO v Peanut v TOMATO v Vanilla v MAIZE v Syphilis v Trinkets v Liquor v GUNS v Olive v COFFEE BEAN v Banana v Rice v Onion v Turnip v Honeybee v Barley v Grape v Peach v SUGAR CANE v Oats v Citrus Fruits v Pear v Wheat v HORSE v Cattle v Sheep v Pigs v Smallpo v Flu v Typhus v Measles v Malaria x

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conq u istad ores Perm a Set nent tler s M is si on ar ie s Official European Colony!

Impact of European Expansion 1. Native populations ravaged by disease. 2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”] 3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. 4. Deepened colonial rivalries.