Chapter 19 Safe for Democracy The United States

Chapter 19 - Safe for Democracy The United States and World War I 1916– 1920 Europe – WWI 1914 – 1918 US – WWI 1917 - 1918

Foreign Policy – American Expansion • • America’s increasing economic and cultural connections with the world led to elevated American military and political involvement. 1900 – 1920 Many of the principles that guided American foreign policy for the rest of the 20 th century were formed. • “Open Door” policy that American trade, investment, information, and culture should flow freely to other nations and markets. • Americans discussed their foreign policy in terms of freedom. This was expressed in a widespread belief that America spread its power and influence in the world to promote universal ideals of liberty and democracy. • “Liberal Internationalism” Woodrow Wilson believed that political freedoms would follow wherever American trade and investment flowed. • World War I became the test for Wilson’s ideas and the Progressives who supported him and sought to make the war an opportunity to reform America and the world.

Foreign Policy �Sphere of Influence: A territorial area within which the political influence or the interests of one nation are held to be more or less paramount �Imperialism A policy or practice by which a country increases its power by gaining control over the other areas of the world

Map 19. 3 Colonial Possessions, 1900 Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

American Intervention and Imperialism � PURPOSE: American Presidents embraced a spirit of Intervention & Imperialism for ECONOMIC GROWTH � Early interventions occurred in the Western Hemisphere, which the United States had made its sphere to oversee in the Monroe Doctrine of 1823. � 1901 - 1920 U. S. Marines landed in Caribbean countries more than twenty times, usually to secure a better economic environment for American companies that wanted safe access to raw materials or bankers who wanted to ensure that loans were repaid.

On Jan. 6, 1919, the 26 th president of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt, died in Oyster Bay, N. Y. , at age 60. Source: New York Times • Born New York City, 1858 • U. S. President 19011909 • What U. S. or foreign wars frame TR’s life? • How does the NYT convey the importance of TR’s loss to the nation? • Does anything here convey that the U. S. sees itself as a world power?

An Era of Intervention: Roosevelt’s Interventionist Foreign Policy Roosevelt Corollary � Roosevelt’s interventionist foreign policy � Reinforced guidelines expressed in the Monroe Doctrine 1823 US would resist further European influence in the western hemisphere Policing it to keep separate spheres of influence between the New and Old Worlds � The right of the United States to exercise “an international police power” in the Western Hemisphere, prevent European intervention in the Americas forcibly intervene whenever it deemed it necessary. Big Stick Policy – stance on foreign policy, negotiate peacefully, but keep the military available to use force if diplomacy fails (Coal Strike of 1902, Venezuelan Affair of 1902, Panama Canal) Big Stick Policy Video

Examples of the Roosevelt Corollary Intervention in Central America �Roosevelt feared that financial instability in the Americas simply invited European powers to intervene whenever they felt their investments were threatened. � 1902, Venezuelan president wouldn’t pay foreign debts/damages to Europeans who suffered in the Venezuelan civil war, causing Britain, Germany, Italy to carry out a naval blockade until payment was made. � 1904, Roosevelt invaded the Dominican Republic to ensure that its customs houses repaid debts to European and American investors. � 1906, he sent troops to Cuba to ensure stability after a disputed election; they stayed until 1909.

Map 19. 1 The United States in The Caribbean, 1898 -1934 Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

Theodore Roosevelt – Foreign Policy More engaged in international diplomacy than his predecessors Divided the world into “civilized” and “uncivilized” nations Believed “civilized” nations would establish order in a chaotic world Disclaimed American interest in acquiring overseas territory Ordered multiple interventions in Central America

TR – Panama Canal (1904 -1914) � 1870’s French began building the canal to link Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, but failed after 8 years due to hardships Disaster: 20, 000 died in 8 years (malaria, yellow fever, cave-ins, broken machinery, high costs) � 1890’s US Interests Economic: save millions in shipping costs, speed up trade Defense: easy and quick passage for US fleet to defend the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans �US in a good position to control the western hemisphere and build the canal Cuban base (Platt amendment), Hawaii annexed in 1898, influence in other nations in Latin America

TEDDY ROOSEVELT - “I Took the Canal Zone” Panama Canal – create a shortcut for shipping between Oceans � LINK OCEANS WITH CANAL: His first major action was engineering the separation of Panama from Colombia in order to build a canal linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. � SEPARATE PANAMA FROM COLUMBIA: In 1903, when Colombia delayed a deal to cede land for the canal, Roosevelt helped to launch an uprising in Panama, and he deployed American gunboats to prevent the Colombian army from suppressing it. � PANAMA INDEPENDENCE US CONTROL OF CANAL ZONE: Having secured Panamanian independence and a treaty giving the United States the right to construct and operate a canal and sovereignty over the Canal Zone, Roosevelt launched one of the greatest construction and engineering projects in history. � “I took the Canal Zone, ” he later exclaimed. The project, finished in 1914 (10 years to complete), facilitated American and world trade by drastically cutting shipping times. � 1999 Panama Canal was returned to Panama

Map 19. 2 The Panama Canal Lone Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

What do these images convey about TR’s leadership of Foreign Policy? • In what ways do both these images convey TR’s leadership? • How does the image to the left convey the public’s admiration for TR, while the one to the right criticizes him? • What would you need to know to determine the accuracy of both of these images?

But I have thought some more, since then, and I have read carefully the treaty of Paris, and I have seen that we do not intend to free, but to subjugate the people of the Philippines. We have gone there to conquer, not to redeem. . . It should, it seems to me, be our pleasure and duty to make those people free, and let them deal with their own domestic questions in their own way. And so I am an anti -imperialist. I am opposed to having the eagle put its talons on any other land. Mark Twain From the New York Herald, October 15, 1900

TR: Media / Cartoons �TR - VIDEOS (PBS – Ken Burns) TR the Warmonger Speak Softly TR and the Panama Canal �TR – Cartoon analysis Big Stick Policy – stance on foreign policy, negotiate peacefully, but keep the military available to use force if diplomacy fails

TR – Panama Canal (1904 -1914) �PBS background on the Panama Canal: �Video “Panama Canal Construction Photos 1907 – 1915” (You Tube 10 minutes) �Video (United Streaming: The Unfinished Nation: Warrior to Priest: Presidents of the Early 1900’s – “The Panama Canal”

Dollar Diplomacy - Taft � Using economic investment to influence Latin America, instead of military intervention as was carried out in the Roosevelt Corollary � President Taft sent Marines to Nicaragua to protect a government friendly to American economic interests, but he emphasized economic investment and loans from banks, rather than direct military intervention, as the best means to spread American influence. � This policy, known as Dollar Diplomacy, took shape in Taft’s efforts to shape the economies of Honduras, Nicaragua, the Dominican Republic, and even Liberia. � Video (United Streaming – Taft and Foreign Policy: Dollar Diplomacy)

Woodrow Wilson – Moral Imperialism � President Woodrow Wilson felt that the export of American manufactured goods went hand in hand with the spread of democracy and its ideals of moral principles. � The highly moralistic Woodrow Wilson brought a missionary zeal and sense of his � � own and America’s righteousness to foreign policy. He made William Jennings Bryan, an anti-imperialist, his secretary of state, and he repudiated Dollar Diplomacy and promised to respect Latin American independence and free it from economic domination. But Wilson believed the United States had a duty to instruct other nations in democracy and that He believed that American exports and investments spread American political ideals. For Wilson, American economic influence served a purpose higher than profit, and his “moral imperialism” made for more military interventions than any president before or since. He sent Marines to Haiti in 1915 and the Dominican Republic in 1916 to protect American financial interests; they stayed in the latter country until 1924, and in the former, until 1934.

Wilson and Mexico � Wilson was most involved in Mexico, where a 1911 revolution led by Francisco Madero overthrew Porfirio Diaz’s longstanding dictatorship. In 1913, without Wilson’s knowledge but with the support of the U. S. ambassador and American companies controlling Mexico’s oil and mines, military commander Victoriano Huerta assassinated Madero and seized power. � Wilson was outraged, would not extend recognition, and vowed to “teach” Latin Americans “to elect good men. ” When civil war erupted and Wilson sent troops to Vera Cruz to prevent arms shipments, they were met as invaders and attacked by Mexican troops. � In 1916, after Mexican troops led by Pancho Villa killed Americans in a New Mexico town close to the border, Wilson ordered 10, 000 American troops to invade northern Mexico to apprehend Villa; it was unsuccessful. � Relations between the US and Mexico became strained as a result.

Progressive Presidents: Crash Course US History �Progressive Presidents: TR, Taft, Wilson �Election of 1912 �US Foreign Policy – Progressive Presidents: Teddy Roosevelt - Big Stick Policy Taft – Dollar Diplomacy (loans & investment) Wilson – Moral Imperialism (export manufactured goods to spread democracy)

Understanding the causes and events of WWI �The Price of Freedom Exhibit: Explore this exhibit to see the technology, battles, and strategies that characterized the Great War. �WWI Timelines - History Place: This is a concise timeline reflecting European aggression leading to American involvement. It is a quick and easy overview. Click on a picture and view the images and captions. �BBC Interactive Map: Follow along with this interactive map that will play animations reflecting major attacks and details of the modern warfare encountered in WWI.

THE GREAT WAR - WORLD WAR I Europe 1914 – 1918 US 1917 - 1918 �CAUSES – MAIN, Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand

The Great War – Europe CAUSES � Militarism – military build up and naval arms race in preparation for war; nations like Great Britain and Germany build up their Navy and Army to compete for land, resources, and dominance � Alliances – committed nations to support one another if attacked Cause for War Web of Alliances Video (4: 54) � Imperialism– encouraged competitiveness and antagonism between nations; European nations competed for colonies in Africa/Asia & other parts of the world; nations such as Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Russia colonized areas of Asia, Africa and the Pacific hoping to gain raw materials and markets (see map) Global Empires 1914 � Nationalism– encouraged competitiveness among nations, ethnic groups want to establish independent nations of their own; Pride in one’s country led to unity but also a spirit of superiority; European powers believed that their country deserved more success than others and held great sense of pride (see video 2: 38)

Map 19. 3 Colonial Possessions, 1900 Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

The Great War – Europe CAUSES SPARK - 1914 � Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand – led Austria-Hungary to declare war against Serbia, which automatically brought in nations involved in the alliance system June 28, 1914 – Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand � Archduke Ferdinand assassinated (shot) by a Serbian terrorist Gavrilo Princip from the terrorist group called the Black Hand, in Sarajevo, Bosnia. �Ferdinand was heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire �The Black Hand, terrorist organization, planned this to usurp the power of the Austro-Hungarian Empire that dominated the region �Set off a chain of events - Military intervention by world powers due to treaties and alliances brought about the Great War or WWI July 28, 1914 - Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia WWI – How did it Start? (Video 2: 16) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=nj. INCi 9 i. Ir. A Background: Austro-Hungarian Ultimatum to Serbia Austria-Hungary Declares War on Serbia

The Great War – Europe CAUSES – ALLIANCES July 29, 1914 – Due to her Alliance, Russia mobilizes to support Serbia August 1, 1914 Due to the alliances, Germany declares war on Russia August 3, 1914 Germany declared war on France August 4, 1914 Germany invaded Belgium w/ the Schlieffen Plan. Britain declares war on Germany to support Belgium August 5, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia August 12, 1914 France and Britain declare war on Austria-Hungary Video – Europe Plunges into War http: //www. the-map-as-history. com/demos/tome 06/WW 1 -Map-Beginning-of-the-Great-War 1914. php

The Great War – Europe CAUSES The alliance system led to two opposing forces. Allied Forces / Triple Entente. Britain, France, Russia (Serbia), 1914 United States joins in April 6, 1917 Central Powers / Triple Alliance – Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy Map Interactive Timeline

The Central Powers (red) consist of Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire. Allied powers (yellow) are Serbia, Russia, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Belgium and the United States.

The Ottoman Empire 1914

Failed Invasion of France by Germany through Belgium. Belgian resistance and other factors foiled the Schlieffen Plan.

The Great War – Europe Battle 1916 - Battle of Verdun – a battle in Verdun, France � French v Germany � Longest and Bloodiest Battle on the Western Front � in 55 months, some 600, 000 French and German soldiers died: 10 million soldiers and uncounted civilians, perished in the conflict, which was immediately followed by a global influenza epidemic that killed 21 million more. � The Great War inflicted a blow on the optimism and self- confidence of western civilization, whose philosophers and statesmen had long celebrated reason and progress. The war also shocked the socialist and labor movements, which had valued international working-class solidarity over nationalism, only to see workers of different nations kill each other for their national governments.

The Battle of Verdun 1916 (Feb – Dec)

The Great War Technology and Weapons �After initial German victories, the war became mired in a long stalemate of bloody and indecisive battles. New technology produced unprecedented slaughter. �Submarines �Airplanes �Machine guns �Tanks �Poison gas Technology & Weapons images: Technology of WWI video (3: 00): Life in a Trench video (3: 15):

U. S. Neutrality, Preparedness, War Americans were deeply divided over the war. Americans Divided: � Many Americans sided with Britain, associating it with liberty and democracy and Germany with repressive and aristocratic government. � German and Irish-Americans, opposed supporting the British. � Immigrants from Russia, especially Jews, also did not want America to support Russia and its Czar, and the despotic Russia’s alliance with Britain and France made it hard to believe that the war was a conflict between democracy and autocracy. � Many feminists, pacifists, and social reformers believed peace was necessary for reform at home, and they opposed American involvement. Wilson declares Neutrality: � Wilson at first proclaimed U. S. neutrality, but naval warfare disrupted American commerce and threatened America’s neutral stance.

U. S. Neutrality, Preparedness, War Lusitania (May 1915) – forced the US to prepare for war & public support for war grows � Events: German submarines sank the British passenger liner Lusitania, killing nearly 1, 200 passengers, including 124 Americans. Wilson protested strongly, and Americans were outraged, giving support to those who urged America to prepare for war. � Preparedness: Advocates of preparedness including Theodore Roosevelt and businessmen with ties to Britain, America’s greatest trading partner and recipient of more than $2 billion in wartime loans from U. S. banks. Wilson was strongly pro-British and called Germany a natural enemy of liberty, and by the end of 1915 ordered preparedness to begin.

U. S. Neutrality, Preparedness, War The Road to War for the United States (1917 – 1918) May 1916 , Germany suspended submarine warfare on US � Wilson’s preparedness policy seemed to have worked, as Germany suspended submarine warfare against noncombatants, allowing Americans to trade & travel freely without requiring military action. 1916 presidential election - He kept us out of the war” became Wilson’s campaign slogan in the The Republican Party was reunited, and its candidate, Charles Evan Hughes (Republican), lost to Wilson (Democrat) by only a narrow margin. January 22, 1917, Wilson called for “peace without victory” in Europe, and expressed his vision of a world order including freedom of the seas, restrictions on armaments, and selfdetermination for all nations, large and small.

U. S. Neutrality, Preparedness, War Feb. 1917 - German submarine warfare resumes � Germany resumed its submarine warfare against ships sailing to or from Great Britain and sunk several American merchant ships, gambling that it could starve Britain into submission before America intervened militarily. U-Boats Impact in WWI – Interactive Map March 1917 – Zimmermann Telegram � British spies made public the Zimmermann Telegram, a message by German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman to Mexico asking it to declare war against the United States and regain its territory lost in the Mexican War. Zimmermann Telegram Video (4: 15) March 1917 - Russian Revolution � A revolution in Russia that deposed the czar and established a constitutional republic made it seem plausible to believe the United States would be fighting for democracy. April 2, 1917 – US DECLARES WAR ON GERMANY � Wilson asked the Congress to declare war against Germany (which it did with a small minority of dissenters), in order to make the world “safe for democracy. ”

1917 Russian Revolution By the spring of 1918, when American troops arrived in Europe, the communist revolution led by Vladimir Lenin in Russia in November 1917 had led to the withdrawal of Russia from the war. Lenin also exposed secret treaties by which the Allies had agreed to divide conquered territory after the war, embarrassing Wilson.

1917 Russian Revolution �In response to the Russian Revolution, the US pursued a policy of anticommunism that would remain at the center of American foreign policy during the 20 th century Red Scare: fear of Communism, the US response to an ideology far from their political values caused paranoia and strong anti-sentiment for radicals, immigrants. . . �Officials blamed labor strikes on the Russian Rev. �Government deported 100's of radicals �J Edgar Hoover the first Director of the FBI led the anticommunist crusade within the U. S. He destroyed the labor union IWW and the Socialist Party

Red Scare � Read about the Red Scare and think about how the U. S. government used resources to reduce the power of Communism. • RED SCARE VIDEO (3: 58)

The Fourteen Points – Jan. 1918 Wilson delivers Fourteen Points speech to Congress Wilson reassured the public that the war was a righteous cause by issuing the Fourteen Points, stating war aims and providing his vision of a new international order. �Fourteen Points: self-determination for all nations freedom of the seas, free trade open diplomacy Arms reduction Boundary changes that provided self-determination and respect for ethnic/national groups Consideration of the interests of colonized nations the establishment of a “general association of nations” to preserve peace - League of Nations � Wilson believed this organization, which became the League of Nations, would act like the kinds of reforms Progressives had established in America for ensuring social harmony and protecting the weak.

U. S. in WWI and its END �September 1918 – Americans in WWI Nearly 1 million Americans helped turn the tide of the war and pushed German forces in retreat. �November 9, 1918 The German Kaiser abdicated the throne, and two days later, Germany sued for peace. �November 11, 1918 – Germany Surrenders Germany officially surrenders �Over 100, 000 Americans died, only 1 % of the 10 million killed in the war. WWI

Treaty of Versailles – June 1919 � 1919 - Terms that most directly affected Germany: Demilitarize Germany (reduce military, 100, 000 soldiers, six battleships, no airforce) Reparations for all damages from war ($133 Billion) War-Guilt Clause – German would assume all guilt associated with the beginning of and losses associated with WWI Germany Territories & Colonies stripped – Germany loses its colonies, making it difficult to pay reparations; Territories within Germany (Alsace-Lorraine given to France) Colonie. Cs under the Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empires disassembled (Poland, Yugoslavia, Romania, Czechoslovakia created) � Weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles: Humiliated Germany, Reparations excessive, German colonies removed (lose revenue to pay reparations), Mandates – Central Powers colonies in the Middle East and Africa are divided between winners until an undetermined day. (protests) � 1920 -21 - Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles: Lose Autonomy: reject commitment to other nations Senators oppose the American commitment to future conflict associated with the international body established in the League of Nations Military commitment to international war questioned Congress sharing the power to declare war with international body; Article X meant that the US military could be sent to defend members without congressional approval Senator Henry Cabot Lodge , a Republican , felt American delegation underrepresented Republicans in negotiations Wilson (1 st acting President to leave the country during office, spent 6 months in France negotiating treaty personally) � 1921 - US signs separate treaty with Germany:

Map 19. 4 World War I: The Western Front Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

The War at Home Federal Government in WWI: federal powers expanded greatly 1 - Selective Service Act (May 1917): require 24 million men to register with the draft http: //www. history. com/this-day-in-history/us-congress-passes-selective-service-act 2 - Federal Agencies created to regulate industry, transportation, labor, agriculture � War Industries Board - oversee war production, organize resources to support war; ranked industries, so that those most critical to the war effort received raw materials before nonessential businesses (Gilder Lehrman. org) http: //personal. ashland. edu/~jmoser 1/warindustriesboard. htm � Railroad Administration - control nations transportation system during war � Fuel Agency - rationed resources like coal and oil � Food Administration - educated farmers on modern cultivation for more output and promoted efficient meal preparation to prevent waste; began food conservation campaign to save food for the troops- "food will win the war" which promoted wheatless Mondays, meatless Tuesdays, porkless Saturdays

The War at Home - Propaganda Due to American division to get involved in war and opposition from groups such as the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and the Socialist Party ("a crime against the people of the United States"), government had to market the war Committee on Public Information (CPI) - created by Wilson and directed by George Creel, its purpose was to gain public support for the war http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/amex/wilson/gallery/posters. html � Four Minute Men - gave pro-war speeches to audiences in movie theaters, schools and other public areas (named for the time it took to change reels for silent movies) � Patriotic posters, pamphlets, films used

The War at Home – Women & Suffrage Women’s Suffrage: women make a push for voting rights, while some also oppose war 1 - Jeannette Rankin - 1 st woman to serve as a member of Congress (Montana); pacifist (voted against WWI, WWII, protests Vietnam at age of 85) http: //www. biography. com/people/jeannette-rankin-9451806 2 - National Women's Party - militant tactics used by collegeeducated activists, Alice Paul (leader) compared Wilson to the Kaiser for not providing democracy to women and ladies chained bodies to White House fence - led to arrest http: //www. sewallbelmont. org/learn/national-womans-party/ http: //www. loc. gov/collection/women-of-protest/about-this-collection/ 3 - 19 th Amendment - 1920, gave women the right to vote http: //www. archives. gov/exhibits/featured_documents/amendment_19/

The War at Home - Prohibition: Progression era types of reform carried into the wartime with a movement to ban intoxicating liquor � Who supported this movement: - Employers - create more disciplined labor force - Urban Reformers - create more orderly city environment & undermine political machines that used saloons as places to organize - Women - reduce domestic abuse & save money spent at saloons � State Campaigns led the movement with success in 18 south and mid -western states by 1915 � 18 th Amendment - 1919 Video (3: 19) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Oi. Yq. FXm. VAFg � http: //www 2. potsdam. edu/alcohol/Controversies/The-Eighteenth-Amendment. html#. Uvr. KQlf. Nu. M 8

Map 19. 5 Prohibition, 1915 Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

War at Home – Liberty in Wartime What is the balance between security and liberty? �Government limits on free speech were last seen under Pres. John Adams (Alien and Sedition Acts, 1978) � Restriction on Freedom of Speech (1 st Amendment): - Espionage Act (1917) - prohibit spying - interfering w/ the draft - "false statements" that hinder military success - Sedition Act (1918) - prohibit spoken or printed statements that criticize the government or the war effort illegal “uttering, printing, writing, or publishing any disloyal or profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the government…” � Eugene V. Debs: arrested for anti-war speech http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/amex/wilson/peopleevents/p_debs. html VIDEO (3: 19): Espionage and Sedition Act, Palmer Raids: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=pq 97 o. BAu 5 n. Y

War at Home - Patriotism: state governments and private groups enforced extreme measures of repression � Flags: - Kiss the Flag - prove loyalty - Red and Black Flags banned - represent communism and anarchism https: //flagspot. net/flags/su. html https: //flagspot. net/flags/qt-a_%28 a%29. html � "Critical Syndicalism" outlawed in 23 states - advocacy of unlawful acts for political change � Teachers required to sign loyalty oaths & classes endorse patriotism � American Protective League (APL) - assist Justice Dept. identify radicals and critics of war http: //library. sewanee. edu/content. php? pid=518030&sid=4262506 - Spy on Neighbors - Slacker Raids - thousands stopped to show draft card � IWW crushed - labor strikes suppressed by government and employers - Bisbee, AZ (1917)- 1, 200 strikers from copper mines forced into railroad boxcars and abandoned in the desert - Butte, MT (1917) - Frank Little (IWW leader) lynched - IWW offices all over country raided by federal agents, arrest 100's of leaders

Great Migration - WWI � 1900: 8. 8 million African Americans live in the US 7. 92 million lived in the South �What? 1915 – 1970, over 6 million African Americans move out of the South to cities in the North �Where? Detroit, Philadelphia, New York, Chicago, Pittsburgh, Cleveland �Why? Jobs, Equality �Reasons? Northern Labor Shortage (draft, end of European immigration during war) Jobs open to black Americans due to labor demand Escape Jim Crow south (lynching, segregation, disenfranchisement) �Jobs? Railroad, Steel, Auto, Foundry, Meatpacking

Civil Rights for black Americans �Lynching, Segregation, and Jim Crow continued �Race Riots: Northern cities displayed opposition to the influx of black Americans into cities (violence) East St. Louis (Illinois) 1917: African Americans replaced white laborers on strike at an Aluminum factory, sparking white mobs. Later, violence grew and led to a city wide riot, killing men, women, and children. Combined with discrimination, this was a powerful motivator for white mobs to form. Led to mobs attacking pedestrians on trolleys, sidewalks, and streets. Included lynching and burning black homes National Guard deployed by Governor, but Congressional investigations proved that local authorities didn’t manage the crisis well, and even participated in the mobs. W. E. B. Du Bois called it “Massacre at East St. Louis, ” (The Crisis) UNIA’s President, Marcus Garvey said “This is a crime against the laws of humanity; it is a crime against the laws of the nation, it is a crime against Nature, and a crime against the God of all mankind. ” -

Race Riots �Houston Riot of 1917: Camp Logan, Texas – Trained an African American regiments for combat Mutiny by 156 black soldiers due to poor treatment (beatings, police harassment, segregation) �“Red Summer “ Riots 1919 – The return of troops led to tension within Northern cities. Racism was the culprit. About 26 race riots between April and November Chicago – riots began after an African American boy was stoned and drowned at a beach (Lake Michigan) because he had crossed an imaginary segregation boundary DC – rumors that a white sailor’s wife was sexually assaulted by a local black man resulted in a 4 day riot

Black Americans at War at Home and Abroad � Make the World Safe For Democracy at Home and Abroad � Freedom at Home: Demand equality in jobs, work, and an end to lynching � NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) Founded in 1909, interracial organization Launched a long struggle to enforce the 14 th/15 Amendments Used the Court System to fight for equality 1914 - 54 branches of organization 1919 – 310 branches Campaign against discrimination Opposed D. W Griffith’s film, The Birth of a Nation (made the KKK into heroes, supported discrimination, black face actors, proposed that black people were ignorant, inferior, would prey on their women, uproot democracy) Encouraged the development of black officers to serve in the war, led to 2, 000+ black man serving as officers in segregated units � War Abroad: over 2 million men registered Segregated units created who served in combat, most assigned labor

Wilson on Race �Wilson lax on civil rights and race relations: he explained that “segregation was caused by friction between the colored and white clerks, an not done to injure or humiliate the colored clerks, but to avoid friction. ” Interracial marriage became a felony in DC Washington post offices become segregated Federal jobs require a photo to discriminate Wilson authorized his Cabinet Secretaries to segregate Racist film, Birth of a Nation, viewed at the White House

W. E. B Du Bois �Biography (3: 46) �Advocated for civil rights for African Americans �Founder of NAACP, Editor of The Crisis (NAACP magazine) �Encouraged support for WWI, prove capabilities �Encouraged support for civil rights within the US �Must fight for Freedom at Home at conclusion of war �Black soldiers returned to a segregated America after experiencing a Europe that was integrated

Marcus Garvey �Biography (4: 04) �Born in Jamaica 1914, moved to Harlem, NY 1916 �Founder of UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association), 1914 �Led a separatist movement �“Back to Africa” movement – (Black Star Line) �Encouraged African American Pride

Who Is an American? The “Race Problem” � Progressivism anticipated in many ways major twentieth-century developments, including the New Deal, the Great Society, and the socially active state. But by accepting “race” as a permanent and defining characteristic of individuals and groups, Progressives were more like nineteenth-century thinkers than twentieth-century liberals. � What was called the “race problem” was a major subject of debate before World War I, and it referred to more than just relations between blacks and whites. In 1911, the U. S. Immigration Commission listed in one of its publications forty-five different immigrant “races, ” each with its own alleged innate characteristics, ranging from Anglo-Saxons at the top of the racial hierarchy down to Hebrews, Northern Italians, and at the bottom, southern Italians—those apparently most violent, undisciplined, and incapable of assimilation. Popular writers asserted that the wave of new immigration and white women’s declining birthrate threatened American civilization. The new science of eugenics, the study of the alleged mental traits of different races, lent scientific legitimacy to the new nativism.

Who Is an American? Americanization and Pluralism � The nationalization of politics and the economy seemed to elevate consciousness of ethnic and racial difference and caused some to call for “Americanization”—the creation of a more homogenous national culture. A 1908 play, The Melting Pot, gave a popular name to the process by which immigrants were expected to merge their identity with American nationality. Public and private leaders, including teachers, employers, union leaders, social reformers, and public officials all engaged in Americanization efforts. The Ford Motor Company famously created a sociological department that entered immigrant workers’ homes to examine their clothes, furniture, and food, enrolled them in English-language courses, and fired those who failed to Americanize themselves. A few Progressives criticized Americanization and demanded that Americans respect immigrant cultures. Reformers at Hull House encouraged immigrants to value their European backgrounds, and Randolph Bourne wrote in a 1916 essay, “Trans-National America” that there was “no distinctive American culture. ” The Anti-German Crusade � Americanization efforts took on a new urgency and became more extreme during World War I, and it especially affected German-Americans, who numbered 9 million by 1914. Before the war, many American admired German culture, including its music, literature, and philosophy. But when America declared war, the German language and German culture became a target of pro-war organizations. German was banned in schools, German music was banned in many communities, and German terms became Americanized (“hamburger” became “liberty sandwich”). By 1920, German culture had been stigmatized and had receded from its previous prominence.

Who Is an American? Toward Immigration Restriction � Even while Americanization efforts sought to assimilate immigrants, the war reinforced the idea that certain kinds of undesirables ought to be excluded from the country. Some argued that the new immigrants appreciated democracy less than Anglo-Saxons, as they seemed more likely to embrace radical doctrines like socialism and anarchism, while others argued that immigrants’ and blacks’ lower scores on “intelligence quotient” (IQ) scores, invented in 1916 for examining army recruits, required restrictions. In 1917, Congress, over Wilson’s veto, required that immigrants be literate in English or another language. Ten years later, the Supreme Court upheld laws authorizing doctors to sterilize the mentally ill to prevent them from reproducing; “three generations of imbeciles are enough, ” wrote Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes. Groups Apart: Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Asian. Americans � Americanization assumed that European immigrants, and especially their children, could eventually adjust to American life, adopt American ideals, and become citizens who enjoyed America’s freedoms. This assumption did not apply to non-white immigrants or blacks, who faced persistent exclusion. Wartime labor demands increased the immigration of Mexicans, who were exempted from 1917 literacy rules. But though Mexicans were legally considered white, state and local officials in the Southwest discriminated against Mexicans in a system of segregation that affected schools, hospitals, and theaters, not unlike Jim Crow in the South. Although Puerto Ricans were conferred citizenship by Congress on the eve of World War I, and Puerto Rican men became subject to the draft and served in the war, Puerto Ricans were still not allowed to vote for president or have representation in Congress. Most restrictive were policies toward Asian-Americans. In 1907, Roosevelt negotiated a Gentlemen’s Agreement in which Japan agreed to end further Japanese migration, except for the wives and children of men already in the country. In 1913, California banned all aliens incapable of becoming naturalized citizens (e. g. , Asians) from owning or leasing land.

Who Is an American? The Color Line � African-Americans, members of the larges non-white group in America, were excluded from almost all Progressive ideas of freedom. They were disenfranchised in the South, barred from most unions and skilled jobs, most black women worked outside of the home for low wages in jobs not covered by new state-level protections for working women, and most blacks, who were desperately poor, could not participate in the new consumer economy. Nearly all Progressive intellectuals, social scientists, labor reformers, and suffrage advocates were unconcerned by conditions facing black Americans. Roosevelt, Wilson, and Race � The Progressive presidents shared dominant racial attitudes regarding blacks. Theodore Roosevelt’s celebration of Anglo-Saxon supremacy led him to call Indians savages and state that blacks were unfit to exercise the suffrage. Not even Jane Addams, a founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), resisted the abandonment of a civil rights plank in the 1912 Progressive Party platform. Woodrow Wilson, a Virginia native, celebrated the South’s “genuine representative government. ” He imposed racial segregation in federal agencies in Washington, D. C. , fired black federal employees, and screened at the White House the premier of Birth of a Nation, a film glorifying the Ku Klux Klan as having defended white civilization during Reconstruction.

Who Is an American? W. E. B. Du Bois and the Revival of Black Protest � Black leaders in this period tried to renew America’s Reconstruction-era commitment to racial equality. No other leader did more to renew the movement for black freedom than scholar and activist W. E. B. Du Bois, a Massachusetts native and Harvard graduate. In his book, The Souls of Black Folk (1903), he called on blacks to reject the accommodationism of Booker T. Washington. Du Bois believed that educated African-Americans like himself were a “talented tenth” who could use their education and talent to fight inequality. In 1905, Du Bois gathered black leaders at Niagara Falls in Canada and launched the Niagara movement, which demanded the restoration of black rights to vote, an end to segregation, and complete equality in economic and educational opportunities—the agenda of black struggles for racial justice for the rest of the twentieth century. In 1909, Du Bois joined with mostly white reformers to organize the NAACP, which launched a legal strategy to win the enforcement of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments that at first accomplished little. Closing Ranks � Among black Americans, wartime talk of freedom sparked hopes for radical changes in race relations. Most black leaders saw American participation in the war as an opportunity to win freedom for blacks at home. Du Bois himself called on African-Americans to “close ranks” and enlist in the army, believing that blacks’ sacrifices would earn them rights upon returning to America. But this did not happen, as the navy barred blacks entirely and the segregated army assigned most of the 400, 000 black soldiers who served to supply units rather than combat.

Who Is an American? The Great Migration and the “Promised Land” � The war sparked social changes that transformed American race relations. Increased war production and a sharp decline in European immigration made available thousands of industrial jobs to blacks for the first time, inspiring a mass migration from South to North. When the war began, 90 percent of American blacks lived in the South, and most northern cities had small black populations. Between 1910 and 1920, half a million blacks left the South, moving to large cities like New York and Chicago and smaller cities such as Akron, Buffalo, and Trenton. The desire for work and higher wages, education, an escape from the threat of violence, and the vote motivated African-Americans to migrate. Yet these migrants encountered considerable disappointments, including limited employment opportunities, exclusion from unions, housing segregation, and outbreaks of violence. � Dozens of blacks were killed in a 1917 riot in East St. Louis, Illinois, where blacks had been recruited to weaken unions. In 1919, more than 250 people died in riots in northern cities, most notably in Chicago. But racial violence also exploded in the South where, in the year after the war, dozens were lynched, including black veterans who wore their uniforms, and striking black sharecroppers were massacred by white vigilantes. The worst race riot in American history occurred in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 1921, where more than 300 blacks were killed and thousands made homeless by a white mob including police and National Guard, after black veterans tried to prevent the lynching of a youth who had accidentally tripped and fallen on a white female elevator operator, sparking rumors of rape. Racial Violence, North and South The Rise of Garveyism � Racial violence during the war inspired a new spirit of militancy among African-Americans. In northern cities, many blacks supported the Universal Negro Improvement Association, a movement for African independence and black self-reliance launched by Marcus Garvey, a recent immigrant from Jamaica. The Garveyites’ idea of freedom was self-determination for blacks, who should enjoy the same international recognition as a nation as other peoples after the war. While Du Bois and other black leaders viewed Garvey as a dangerous demagogue and welcomed Garvey’s deportation after his conviction for mail fraud, the Garveyite movement demonstrated blacks’ sense of betrayal in the postwar period.

1919 A Worldwide Upsurge � Fervent hopes for social change and disappointment with the war’s aftermath went beyond the black community. In the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or Soviet Union as Russia was renamed after the revolution, Lenin’s government nationalized landholdings, banks, and factories, and was proclaimed a workers’ state. The Russian revolution and democratic longings unleashed by World War I sent hope and fear throughout the world. The year 1919, like 1848 and 1968, was a year of global social and political unrest. Inspired by Lenin’s call for revolution, communist-led governments came to power in Bavaria (part of Germany and Hungary), and general strikes demanding wartime promises of “industrial democracy” shook Belfast, Glasgow, and Winnipeg. Anarchist peasants seized land in Spain, and Indian crowds challenged British imperial rule, as did nationalist movements in other European colonies. � Opponents to change mobilized, including the allied powers, who saw the Soviet government as a threat, and sent expeditionary forces that included American troops to aid Lenin’s opponents in the Russian civil war. Wilson’s policy toward the Soviet Union showed the contradictions of liberal internationalism. Wilson wanted to foster trade with the new government, but his fear of communism as a source of international instability and a danger to private property led him to military intervention. The Allies did not invite the Soviets to peace talks at Versailles, and Wilson refused to recognize the Soviet government. Anti-communism remained a basic feature of twentiethcentury U. S. foreign policy. Upheaval in America � 1919 also saw enormous turmoil in America. Amid racial violence and a devastating flu epidemic, a bombing campaign targeted the homes of prominent Americans. More significant was an upsurge in the labor movement, as workers took Wilson’s promises of industrial democracy and freedom seriously. In 1919, more than 4 million workers went on strike—the greatest wave of labor unrest in U. S. history. They faced an unprecedented mobilization of employers, government, and private patriotic organizations. The strike wave began in a January in Seattle, where a shipyard workers’ strike became a general strike that paralyzed the city. In September, Boston police went on strike, and Governor Calvin Coolidge fired the entire force and called out the National Guard. A massive coal strike was ended only by a federal injunction.

1919 The Great Steel Strike � The 1919 steel strike was the era’s greatest labor revolt. Centered in Chicago, it brought together 365, 000 mostly immigrant workers who demanded union recognition, higher wages, and an eight-hour workday in an industry that arbitrarily treated workers and suppressed all union activity. During the war, large numbers of workers joined the steel workers’ union, and by the end of 1918 they had won the eight-hour day. But employers resumed opposing the union after the war, and they responded to the strike by appealing to nativism among native-born workers, many of whom returned to work, and by painting the union and strike as inspired by the IWW, communism, and disloyalty. Public opinion’s turn against the strikers, along with police attacks, led to the strike’s defeat in early 1920. The Red Scare � Though many Progressives hoped wartime economic planning would continue after 1918, the Wilson administration rapidly dismantled agencies that controlled industrial production and the labor market. Yet the wartime repression of dissent persisted and peaked in the Red Scare of 1919– 920, which was inflamed by the postwar strike wave and social tensions and fears caused by the Russian Revolution. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, certain that the steel strike was part of a global communist conspiracy, ordered federal raids on radical and labor organizations, led by the young director of the Radical Division of the Justice Department, J. Edgar Hoover. More than 5, 000 were arrested, most without warrants, and held for months without charge. The government deported hundreds of immigrant radicals, including Emma Goldman. This assault on civil liberties was so extreme that heavy criticism was leveled at Palmer by Congress and the press, and the scare dissolved. Though it generated a new concern for civil liberties in the 1920 s, the Red Scare successfully destroyed radical groups such as the IWW and Socialist Party.

1919 Wilson at Versailles Video (3: 06) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=g. Kz. Z 1 Ow. PXgk � Wilson’s failure to gain a just peace at Versailles based on his Fourteen Points exacerbated many Progressives’ sense that the war would not fundamentally transform society and government. In late 1918, Wilson traveled to France for the Versailles peace conference, and was welcomed by ordinary Europeans as a hero. But while Wilson’s Fourteen Points had called for open diplomacy, the Versailles talks were held in secret. The Versailles Treaty did accomplish some of Wilson’s hopes, including the establishment of a League of Nations to supervise a new international order, and it applied national self-determination to eastern Europe, making new nations from the ruins of the defeated Austro-Hungarian empire and Germany. But despite Wilson’s opposition to a peace based on territorial acquisition or revenge, the Versailles Treaty included both, virtually guaranteeing future conflict. France won the right to occupy iron and coal-rich regions of Germany, strict limits were imposed on Germany’s future army and navy, and Germany was required to make reparations payments so high they devastated the German economy. The Wilsonian Moment � The war damaged Europeans’ claims to be a higher civilization with the right to rule lesser peoples and elevated the international prestige of the United States. Wilson’s language of self-determination inspired minority groups and colonial peoples across the world, but they took this rhetoric more seriously than he did. Wilson’s idea of an equality of nations clashed with European rulers’ wishes to rebuild their empires in the postwar period. They rejected the appeals of colonial figures for independence such as Nguyen That Thanh, the future Ho Chi Minh, who went to Versailles to ask for freedom from French colonial rule. The British and French had no intention of applying self-determination to their colonies. The Ottoman Empire was divided into nations such as Syria, Iraq, and Palestine, over which the British and French were given “mandates” to govern. Former German colonies in Africa were given to South Africa, Australia, and Japan, and Ireland was not given its independence.

Map 19. 6 a Europe in 1914 Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

1919 The Seeds of Wars to Come � Widespread disappointment among colonial peoples that the Fourteen Points had not been applied to the non-European world created cynicism regarding the West’s language of freedom and democracy. Wilson’s apparent capitulation to the claims of European empires sparked popular anti-Western nationalist movements across the world, including the May 4 movement in China and the communist movement in Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh. Lenin in fact spoke of “the right of nations to self-determination” before Wilson, and with the end of the Wilsonian moment, Lenin’s reputation supplanted that of America’s president. These movements, whether or not they were communist, signaled the emergence of anti-colonial nationalism as a major force in the twentieth century. Ironically, when colonial peoples demanded to be recognized as independent members of the international community, they invoked the legacy of the American Revolution as the first colonial struggle to establish an independent nation and Wilson’s language of self-governing and equal nation-states as the most legitimate form of government and world order. � Wilson, upon returning to the United States from Versailles, saw the League of Nations as the war’s most important legacy. But many Americans feared that League membership would force the United States into open-ended commitments in the affairs of other nations. Wilson argued that the United States could not save the world without being continually involved with it. His opponents, led by Massachusetts Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, argued the League would limit America’s freedom of action. Wilson refused to compromise, and in the midst of the League debate, he suffered a massive stroke that left him incapacitated. His wife Edith effectively assumed his office for seventeen months. The Senate twice rejected the Versailles Treaty. The Treaty Debate � In the war’s immediate aftermath, the United States retreated from international affairs. Over the long term, however, Wilson’s idealism and power politics shaped the fundamentals of American foreign policy in the twentieth century—a commitment to democracy, open markets and trade, and America’s special mission to instruct the world in freedom, and the will for military intervention abroad to promote American interests and values. But the war had not made the world safe or democratic, it undermined freedom in the United States, and it led to the defeat of Progressivism. Republican Warren G. Harding, part of the party’s conservative wing and elected president in 1920, repudiated “Wilsonism” and promised a “return to normalcy, ” thus inaugurating one of the most conservative decades in the nation’s history.

Additional Art for Chapter 19

A rather aggressive-looking Statue of Liberty Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

A Russian advertisement Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

The Greatest Department Store on Earth Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

The World’s Constable, a cartoon commenting on Theodore Roosevelt’s Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

A 1915 postcard portrays two soldiers—one American Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

Wilbur Wright Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

The liner Lusitania, pictured on a “peace” postcard. Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

A 1916 Wilson campaign truck (a new development in political campaigning) Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

World War I was the first war in which soldiers Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

A poster addressed to Jewish immigrants by the U. S. Food Administration proclaims Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

A female figure wearing a cap of liberty rings the liberty bell in this patriotic illustration from 1918. Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

A vivid example of the anti-German propaganda Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

Women during World War I Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

A 1915 cartoon showing the western states where women Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

The Liberty Bell, formed by 25, 000 soldiers at Camp Dix Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

A 1917 antiwar cartoon from the radical magazine The Masses depicts an editor Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

A long line of striking miners being led out of Bisbee Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

An Americanization Celebration. Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

Graduates of the Ford English School Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

A 1919 Americanization pageant in Milwaukee Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

A 1919 cartoon, Close the Gate Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

A cartoon from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

W. E. B. Du Bois, founder of the NAACP and editor of its magazine Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

A 1918 poster celebrates black soldiers in World War I Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

Table 19. 1 The Great Migration Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

The silent parade down Fifth Avenue Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

An advertisement placed by a steel company in a Pittsburgh Newspaper announces Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

Local police with literature seized from a Communist Party office in Cambridge Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

Part of the crowd that greeted President Woodrow Wilson in November 1918 Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

Map 19. 6 b Europe in 1919 Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

Mahatma Ghandi, pictured here in 1919 Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

Interrupting the Ceremony, a 1918 cartoon from the Chicago Tribune Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

Norton Lecture Slides Independent and Employee-Owned This concludes the Norton Lecture Slides Slide Set for Chapter 19 Give Me Liberty! AN AMERICAN HISTORY THIRD EDITION by Eric Foner