Chapter 19 Political Reform and the Progressive Era

Chapter 19 Political Reform and the Progressive Era

Ch 19 Sec 1 The Gilded Age and Progressive Reform I can understand how reformers tried to end government corruption and limit the influence of big business

The Gilded Age • Things looked good after Civil War but underneath, rotten 2 PROBLEMS 1. Industrialists getting rich at peoples expense 2. Government corruption

SPOILS SYSTEM • You get elected, you give your friends government jobs • 1881 James Garfield didn’t and got killed • 1883 Civil Service Law Charles Guiteau - 1882

Big Business • Congressmen bribed • Police paid off GO TO PG 645

RESULTS • 1887 – Pres. Cleveland signed Interstate Commerce Act. Stopped rebates • Set up Interstate Commerce Commission • 1890 – Pres. Harrison signed Sherman Anti Trust Act. (not completely effective)

Corruption in Cities • Cities need sewers, other services • Political bosses gave jobs to friends • City politicians and bosses befriended immigrants – WHY?

Boss Tweed • One of the worst • 20 years cheated N. Y. City out of $100 mil Relate to civil service

Progressive Reforms • Wisconsin Plan – Commissions to solve problems – Railroad Commission lowered prices • Primary Elections instead of Party picks • Recall • Initiatives

Progressive Reforms • 16 th Amendment – 1913 – Income Tax • 17 th Amendment – Direct election of senators • The Press – Muckrakers – Exposed problems in government, business and industry

Examples Upton Sinclair – 1878 – 1968 The Jungle Ida Tarbell – 1857 – 1944 Standard Oil Expose Lincoln biographer

Ch 19 Sec 2 The Progressive Presidents I CAN UNDERSTAND HOW THE PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENTS EXTENDED REFORMS

PROGRESSIVES What is a Progressive? • Someone who wants to move ahead, beyond what we have. • Early 1900’s, series of Progressive Presidents

#1 1. William Mc. Kinley 2. Assassinated Sept. 6, 1901

#2 • Mc. Kinley’s V. P. takes over • Theodore Roosevelt

T. R. do not copy 1. At 42 – Youngest American President 2. From New York – Alive when Lincoln was assassinated

T. R. Public Service 1. Age 23 – New York Legislature 2. Civil Service Commission 3. Commissioner of New York Police 4. Assistant Secretary of the Navy 5. Cavalry hero in Spanish American War

Elected as V. P. for Mc. Kinley

T. R. as President Take Notes • Trustbuster 1. Broke up Northern Securities Trust (RR’s) 2. Broke up Standard Oil 3. Broke up American Tobacco 4. Sided with Unions in a mine strike (1902)

T. R. Accomplishments • 1904 – Ran for President – SQUARE DEAL • Said everyone has opportunity to succeed • Conservation President • Set aside land for National Parks • Created National Park Service • Consumer protections – Health & Safety

William Taft – 1908 • Quiet & Cautious • Broke up more trusts • Graduated income tax • Safety laws for miners • 8 hour work day • Controlled child labor

Taft • Favored protective tariffs • Lost Progressive support Bath tub – baseball – milk cow – first car

The Next Election - 1912 • Roosevelt wanted back in • Taft controlled Republican Party REMEMBER SPLITTING THE VOTE? WHAT HAPPENS? • Democrat Woodrow Wilson wins

Wilson • Brilliant, scholar, cautious, rigid • Plan – The New Freedom • Encouraged fair competition

Wilson • Created Federal Trade Commission • Signed Clayton Anti-Trust Act • Passed Federal Reserve Act

Ch 19 Sec 3 The Rights of Women • I can understand how women gained new rights

Progressives • Wanted reform of Government Business Quality of Life • Not concerned about women’s suffrage

Suffrage • Senaca Falls Convention - 1848, birth of Women’s suffrage • After Civil war, National Women’s Suffrage Association Susan B. Anthony Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Western States • WY – UT – CO – ID, allowed women to vote • Early 1900’s, 5 mil women worked outside the home, but paid less • Stanton and Anthony died • New leader – Carrie Chapman Catt • Campaigned for vote

Alice Paul

19 th Amendment • Passed Congress in 1919 • Ratified by ¾ of states 1920

Opportunities • Education – 1877 – First female Ph. D – Boston College • 1900 – 1, 000 - female lawyers, 7, 000 female doctors

Women’s Clubs • First, just social • Many reformers came from clubs

Other causes • Florence Kelley – Child labor • Frances Willard – Women’s Christian Temperance Union • Carrie Nation – Temperance movement • 18 th Amendment, 1917 – Ratified 1919

Ch 19 Sec 4 • I can understand the challenges faced by minority groups.

Struggles for Justice • Progressives not concerned about minority rights 1. Jim Crow laws 2. Violence against blacks 3. Similar problems for Mexicans, Asians and religious minorities

African Americans • Discrimination in both north and south • Housing discrimination • Discrimination in jobs

Booker T. Washington • Born a slave • Taught self to read and write • Worked his way through school and college • Became a teacher • Promoted job training at Tuskegee Institute

B. T. Washington • Supported by Carnegie & Rockefeller • Advisor to Progressive Presidents • Said with jobs and training, blacks could earn money and gain power and demand equality • Criticized by W. E. B. Du Bois

W. E. B. Du Bois • Ph. D. from Harvard • Agreed that blacks must be thrifty, patient and get training • Activist about discrimination • Founded N. A. A. C. P. 1909

Lynching • 1890’s, over 1, 000 lynched • Imagined insults and crimes • Carried out by angry whites

Setbacks / Successes • Pres. Wilson ordered segregation of Federal workers BUT • Successes like George Washington Carver • Sarah Walker

Mexican Americans • Revolution in Mexico, 1910 • Many fled Mexico • 90% settled in S. W.

Mexican Americans • Many did manual labor • Some worked in factories • Paid less than whites

Mexican Americans • Seeking to preserve culture – came together in barrios • Self help groups • Immigrant aid societies • Insurance & legal advice

Asians • No more Chinese immigration – 1882 • Japanese came to work • Most to Hawaii

Asians • When U. S. took over Hawaii (1898) many came to mainland • Hard workers, produced large amount of CA fruit and vegetables

Asians • 1906 – San Francisco – forced ALL Asian students into separate schools • Japan protests • Pressure on t. Roosevelt to limit Japanese immigration • TR did not want to anger Japan

A Deal • SF ends segregation • TR will restrict Japanese immigration • Japan agrees to not let others immigrate • U. S. agrees to let wives join husbands BUT • CA bans non citizen Asians from owning land

Religious Minorities ANTI CATHOLIC • Anti-Catholic American Protective Association • Anti-Catholic text books and teachers • Catholics set up own school – Parochial

Religious Minorities ANTI JEWISH • Leo Frank falsely accused and convicted of murder • When Georgia Governor reduced sentence, a mob lynched him • Jewish Anti-Defamation League founded 1913 – Georgia - murder