Chapter 19 lesson 1 Cancer Medicine Oncology adjuvant
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Chapter 19 lesson 1 Cancer Medicine (Oncology) adjuvant therapy alkylating agents anaplasia antibiotics Antimetabolites antimitotics Apoptosis benign biological response modifiers biological therapy carcinogens Carcinoma cellular oncogenes Chemotherapy combination chemotherapy Dedifferentiation deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Differentiated differentiating agents Differentiation electron beams encapsulated Journal question: Are all neoplasms life threatening? Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1
Chapter Goals Identify medical terms that describe the growth and spread of tumors. Recognize terms related to the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. Review how tumors are classified and described by pathologists. Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2
Chapter Goals (cont’d) Describe x-ray studies, laboratory tests, and other procedures used by physicians for determining the presence and extent of spread (staging) of tumors. Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records. Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3
Introduction Cancer: characterized by unrestrained and excessive growth of cells Malignant tumors: compress, invade and destroy surrounding tissues Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4
Cancer is responsible for 20% of all deaths in the United States. More than half of people who develop cancer are cured. Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5
QUICK QUIZ: 1. Which cancers are the most common causes of cancer death for women? lung, breast, colorectal B. lung, colorectal, breast C. breast, lung, colorectal D. colorectal, breast, lung A. Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6
QUICK QUIZ: 1. Which cancers are the most common causes of cancer death for women? lung, breast, colorectal B. lung, colorectal, breast C. breast, lung, colorectal D. colorectal, breast, lung A. Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7
QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d) 2. Which cancers are the most common causes of cancer death for men? A. lung, prostate, colorectal B. lung, colorectal, prostate C. prostate, lung, colorectal D. colorectal, prostate, lung Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8
QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d) 2. Which cancers are the most common causes of cancer death for men? A. lung, prostate, colorectal B. lung, colorectal, prostate C. prostate, lung, colorectal D. colorectal, prostate, lung Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9
Characteristics of Tumors Neoplasms (Tumors): growths that arise from normal tissue Malignant Multiply rapidly Invasive and infiltrative Undifferentiated Metastasize Benign Grow slowly Encapsulated Differentiated Don’t spread Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10
Characteristics of Tumors (cont’d) Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11
What Causes Cancer? Carcinogenesis: transformation of a normal cell to a cancerous one Damage to genetic material DNA function Mitosis Protein synthesis Genes Nucleotides Mutation Apoptosis Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12
Carcinogenesis Environmental Agents Chemical carcinogens Ø Radiation Ø Viruses (RNA and DNA) Ø Oncogenes (ras/colon cancer, myc/lymphoma, and bcr-abl/chronic myelogenous leukemia) Ø Heredity Ø Retinoblastoma, polyposis coli Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13
Genes Implicated in Hereditary Cancers Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14
Classification of Cancerous Tumors Carcinomas: epithelial cell origin, 90% of all malignancies are carcinomas Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15
Carcinomas and the Epithelial Tissues from Which They Derive Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16
Carcinomas and the Epithelial Tissues from Which They Derive (cont’d) Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17
Classification of Cancerous Tumors Sarcomas: connective tissue origin, 5% of all malignancies Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18
Sarcomas and the Connective Tissues from Which They Derive Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19
Sarcomas and the Connective Tissues from Which They Derive (cont’d) Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 20
Classification of Cancerous Tumors Mixed Tissue Tumors: tissues capable of differentiating into epithelial and connective tissue Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21
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