CHAPTER 18 THE COLD WAR BEGINS The Yalta
CHAPTER 18 THE COLD WAR BEGINS
The Yalta Conference • February 1945 – Who is meeting? (Churchill, Stalin, and FDR) • What do all three make a compromise on? • 1. FDR & Churchill would recognize Polish gov’t set up by Soviets • 2. New government would include members of prewar Polish government • 3. Polish government would hold free elections ASAP – What did the Big 3 decide to do with Germany? (Divide Germany AND Berlin into four zones)
• • United Nations – April 1945 • • • Peace-keeping organization How is it organized? General Assembly Made up of representatives of all member nations Security Council – hold real power made up of 11 members 5 seats are permanent US SU Britain France China 6 seats are decided on a rotating basis What are its powers? -investigate international problems -propose settlements -ask member nations to use forces to uphold decisions
Cold War Conflicts • What type of economics does the SOVIET UNION use? (Communist- gov’t controlled economics) • What type of economics do the UNITED STATES use? (Capitalist- citizen controlled economics) • Why was the Soviet Union mad at the US? – US had not recognized USSR as a “government” until 16 yrs after Bolshevik Revolution • Why was the US mad at the Soviet Union? – Stalin signed the Non-Aggression Pact with Germany
The Potsdam Conference • July 1945 • Who was a part of the Conference? – Truman (US), Atlee (UK after Churchill), Stalin (USSR) • What caused more conflict between the US and SU? – Truman pushed Stalin to hold elections in Poland – Stalin refused
Tension Mounts • Truman believed that the Nazi-controlled countries should be given the right of selfdetermination • Truman also feared giving in to Stalin’s demands. • Soviet Union wanted to strip Germany to rebuild the SU. • US, Britain, and France wanted to rebuild Germany.
• Since the US industries and factories had not been destroyed, US economy was booming US becomes the world economic leader • Soviet Union felt scared of another attack, so they wanted “security” – Created “satellite nations”- nations that surrounded USSR – Controlled by Stalin AND HAD (communist govt. ) • Early 1946 - Stalin gave a speech. – He said capitalism and communism were incompatible. War is inevitable. The USSR would start making weapons… uh oh… • US saw this as a declaration of war!
The Policy of Containment • Containment– an effort to block Soviet attempts to spread communism • February 1946 • Iron Curtain – – imaginary line dividing communist Europe from democratic Europe
Cold War in Europe (1945 -1991) • Why is it called the “Cold War”? – The US and USSR had conflicting goals and got almost to the point of ANOTHER WAR – US wanted to spread democracy and capitalism – USSR wanted to spread communism – The US had to stop this!!!
Truman Doctrine (1947) • Truman felt the US should “support the free people throughout the world who resisted the takeover of communism” • Britain had been helping Turkey and Greece but ran out of money… So the US took over that responsibility • What did the US do? – Began paying Greek and Turkish debt and keep them above water in economics • WHY? To keep them away from USSR (communism)
Domino Theory: If the U. S. doesn’t fight communism, then countries will fall to communism like dominos.
The Marshall Plan • Created by Sec of State George Marshall • Main Purpose- Help Europe RECOVER • What was the compromise between the US and countries that signed on with the Marshall Plan? – Countries receiving aid had to remove trade barriers and cooperate economically with one another • Was it effective? (Very, countries
Helping to get Europe out of the hole
Struggle Over Germany • After WWII, Germany (country) and Berlin (capital) were divided between US, GB, FR, and USSR – SU wanted to keep Germany divided – Others wanted to rebuild and reunite Germany SU held Berlin hostage… nothing in or out! • Led to the Berlin Airlift – US and GB began flying supplies in -> made US look good and USSR look bad… again!
Berlin • West Berlin, was an outpost of Western democracy and economic success deep within the communist zone – like a capitalist island within communist East Germany • The Berlin Blockade was an attempt to starve West Berlin into submitting [giving up] to the communists • The Allied [western powers] airlift signalled the West’s determination to use all resources to defend Berlin. It was felt by both sides that Berlin could act as the trigger for general war between capitalist and communist countries
• Why did the US get the biggest piece?
West and East Germany • Federal Republic of Germany – West Germany – UK, US, and FR parts – Voters approved a constitution • German Democratic Republic – East Germany – USSR part
• Which side is the capitalist side? • Which side is the communist side?
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • 10 western European nations joined with the US and Canada on Apr 4, 1949 • All member countries promised that an attack on one would be regarded as an attack on ALL • 1 st time in US history that the US entered a military alliance with other nations during peace time • The Cold War ended US Isolationism…
• Explain how the Marshall Plan worked. • What did the US hope to accomplish through the Marshall Plan?
Section 2 The Cold War Heats Up
Civil War in China Mao Zedong Chiang Kai-shek vs Communist Nationalist
• Civil war in China stopped during WWII and the communists and nationalists fought together against Japan • US sent supplies to the nationalist side Chiang Kai-shek was a dictator, corrupt, but he was better than the communist, so the US decided to “stick with the lesser of two evils” • When the Civil War started again, the US once again favored the nationalist – Nationalists were not strong enough – China became a communist country Containment had FAILED
Post War Japan: • U. S. occupied – under General Mac. Arthur – New constitution – Democracy with Emperor as figurehead – Rebuild economy – Abolished army and navy • Tokyo trials convicted war criminals
Korean War [1950 -1953] Kim Il-Sung Syngman Rhee
U. S. General Douglas Mac. Arthur led the U. N. force, approximately 80% of which were U. S. soldiers.
Koreans Go To War • Japan had taken over Korea during WWII – When WWII ended… – Japanese in North surrendered to the USSR – Japanese in South surrendered to US – Dividing line was the 38 th Parallel – Industry was in the NORTH – Agriculture was in the SOUTH • SU and US withdrew troops and both Koreas thought they had the right to rule the ENTIRE COUNTRY (both sides)
North Korea= Democratic Republic of Korea South Korea= Republic of Korea
• June 25, 1950 – N Korean troops started Korean War – US sent in naval and air support AGAINST N Korea • June 27, 1950 – UN Security Council called on member countries to help S Korea – 590, 000 troops were put under the direction of General Douglas Mac. Arthur • General Douglas Mac. Arthur counter attacks, whips the N Korean troops, and becomes a hero
• October 7, 1950 - UN General Assembly recommended that troops unite both Koreas • China had warned… US troops should not come to the border of China (Yalu River) • Mac. Arthur is FURIOUS! – Asks Truman for permission to attack China!!! – Truman says, “Um… no…” • Why? (USSR and China had alliance… would’ve started WW 3!!!) • What did Mac. Arthur do? (Mac. Arthur tried to go over Truman’s head… go to the American people!) • What was the effect of this? Mac. Arthur got fired • June 23, 1951 - USSR recommended a cease-fire between the Koreas
Korean War 1950 -53 • Divided north and south at 38 th parallel at end of WWII. • In 1950, Communist North Korea invaded South Korea. • The U. S. and United Nations, aided the South; China aided the North Koreans. • Treaty signed in 1953, keeping dividing line at 38 th parallel (still today). • 33, 000 American soldiers died, 100, 000 wounded.
The Shifting Map of Korea [1950 -1953]
Section 3 The Cold War at Home
Fear of Communism • American citizens thought Truman was soft on communism • Loyalty Review Board – What was their “job”? • Investigate government employees to make sure they weren’t disloyal to the US – What was the effect? • 3. 2 MILLION employees investigated… 2, 900 resigned • House on Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) – What was their “job”? • Investigate possible communist activity both inside and outside government – Who did they go after? • Everyone… and eventually movie stars!
“The Hollywood Ten” • 43 subpoenaed- Most were found to be “friendly” like Gary Cooper • Ten of those people refused to answer any questions during the hearings and thus became known as the “Hollywood Ten”. • Also started a communist “blacklist” of Hollywood – 500 names of actors, writers, and producers
The Mc. Carran Act • Unlawful to plan any action that might lead to the establishment of a dictatorship in the US – What did Truman do? • Vetoed it – What did Congress do in response to Truman? • Passed it without his approval
Alger Hiss 1948 Accused of being a spy for SU by Whittaker Chambers Charged with perjury Lying under oath Famous Congressman from CA that pursued Hiss -> Richard Nixon
The Red Scare Intense fear of Communists taking over U. S. China became a Communist country in 1949. Soviets developed an atomic bomb in 1949. Rosenbergs convicted of selling atomic secrets to Soviet Union. Executed 1953.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg • September 23, 1949 - SU had created and exploded an Atomic Bomb – Why is this stunning? • Thought it would take 3 -5 yrs for USSR to make bomb – What is assumed? • US thought the USSR had stolen US bomb secrets -Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were implicated by a British physicist who said he gave them the Atomic bomb info -The Rosenbergs took the “ 5 th” -Convicted and sentenced to death
Joseph Mc. Carthy • Most famous anticommunist activist • Republican US Senator of Wisconsin who was not popular and the election was coming up • Needed to do something to become popular • What did he do? – Began accusing gov’t officials of being communist • What did this become known as?
Mc. Carthyism • The unfair tactic of accusing people of disloyalty without providing evidence • How many people did Mc. Carthy claim were “on his list”? 5, 781, 205! – All Democrats were communists!!!!!!! • How many names did Mc. Carthy reveal? – none…
Mc. Carthy’s Downfall • In 1954 Mc. Carthy made accusations of the US Army being communist… what? • Led to nationally televised Senate investigations • Mc. Carthy bullied the witnesses, had no real evidence • Senate Censured /condemned him • Mc. Carthy died a lonely, broken alcoholic 3 yrs later
Section 4 Two Nations Living on the Edge
Nuclear Arms Race • Hydrogen bomb invented – both U. S. and Soviets had them • more powerful than atomic bomb—vaporized an island. • Dangers of fallout and radiation • Many built bomb shelters!!
The H-Bomb • The Hydrogen bomb had a estimated force of 1 MILLION TONS of TNT (67 x more powerful than the A-bomb dropped on Japan) • Argument was it is wrong to have such a destructive weapon • Jan 31, 1950 - Truman authorized its creation • Nov 1, 1952 - US exploded 1 st bomb with the force of 10. 4 MILLION tons of TNT
Brinkmanship • Willingness to go to the EDGE of war • John Foster Dulles- Sec of State Strong anti-communist who thought compromise with SU is immoral • Dulles developed this policy of promising to use ALL forces (even the H-bomb) against aggressor (communist) nations
• American citizens were CONVINCED the USSR was aiming bombs at US cities – Emergency procedures at school – Families built “Bomb” shelters – Threat was a constant for THIRTY YEARS!!! • CIA- Central Intelligence Agency – Used spies to gather information – Covert Operations- undercover operations to weaken or overthrow governments that were unfriendly to the US
• Wow. All the comforts of home… underground…
• This is an actual bomb drill during the USSR threat.
Covert Actions in the Middle East and Latin America • Eisenhower compared the war against communism to the war against dictators during WWII • SU ordered secret operations against its enemies… SO… – Eisenhower decided to do it too – Did not want to be at a disadvantage
Mohammed Mossadegh • Prime minister of Iran • 1951 - placed the oil industry under government control Western nations stopped buying Iran oil and Iran’s economy began to tumble • US thought Iran may turn to the SU for help… • 1953 - Shah of Iran (religious leader) got rid of the Prime Minister and replaced him with a man that liked the US! – Thanks in part to the CIA and a covert operation
Guatemala (1954) • Eisenhower believed that Guatemala was leaning toward communism – Why? – The leader in Guatemala was giving away more than 200, 000 acres of American owned land in Guatemala to his poverty-stricken people (government giving away land or money=communism) • What did the CIA do? – CIA trained an army of Guatemalans and replaced the leader
Warsaw Pact • Stalin died in 1953 and tensions started to dissolve… • SU recognized W Germany – (the democratic side) • 1955 - W Germany built their army up and joined NATO (military alliance) • SU got scared and started the Warsaw Pact – Treaty organization with eastern
Looking at the World from the Top-Down Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact] N A T O W a r s a w P a c t
NATO vs. WARSAW PACT North Atlantic Treaty Organization: defense alliance among U. S. and Europe against the Soviet Union. Still exists. Warsaw Pact: Defense alliance among Soviet Union and its satellite governments in Eastern Europe.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) • United States • Belgium • Britain • Canada • Denmark • France • Iceland • Italy • Luxemburg • Netherlands • Norway • Portugal • 1952: Greece & Turkey • 1955: West Germany • 1983: Spain
Warsaw Pact (1955) • U. S. S. R. • Albania • Bulgaria • Czechoslovakia • East Germany • Hungary • Poland • Romania
• OPEN SKIES PLAN Eisenhower traveled to Geneva, Switzerland – Met with the Soviet Leader Nikita Khrushchev – 1 st time since WWII • Proposed the “OPEN SKIES” plan – US and SU would be able to fly over each other’s territory freely – SU thought it was a trick and would not sign treaty!
Problems in Egypt • 1955 - US and Great Britain agreed to help Egypt pay for a dam across the Nile River – At the same time the leader of Egypt started to strengthen ties with the USSR – So the US and GB stopped paying for the dam!!! – Nasser (Egypt leader) then takes control of the Suez Canal that is owned by France – Egypt would not allow Israel use the canal. They got mad!!! • October 1956 - All involved threaten each other – United Nations steps in and imposes cease-fire • April 1957 - Canal is opened under Egyptian control
Nikita Khrushchev • Head of USSR communist party • 1956 - Khrushchev publically criticized Stalin for committing crimes against Soviet people – USSR give up communism? • NO! NO! – Satellite Nations freed? • NO! NO! • Hungary had been occupied by USSR – USSR appointed new leader of Hungary, but wouldn’t let them leave the Warsaw Pact – Nov 1956 - USSR invades Hungary and kills 30, 000
Eisenhower Doctrine • Jan 1957 • US would defend the Middle East against communist attacks • President was given the authority to use the armed forces against communism in the Middle East
Space Race • Began when Soviets beat the U. S. into space – Soviet satellite Sputnik launched in 1957 – Explorer I, the first U. S. satellite, was launched in 1958. • The National Defense Act of 1958 approved federal funding of education in math, science and foreign languages. • Reforms in education
Sputnik (October 4, 1957) • SU used an intercontinental ballistic missile to push the 1 st unmanned satellite above the Earth’s atmosphere at 18, 000 mph! • This made the US feel inferior, so US made educational changes (more math and science) – US first attempt at satellite exploded before it left the ground… fail… – create NASA…
U-2 Flights • US started flying spy missions over SU in U-2 planes – Could fly higher than SU planes and antiaircraft fire – Take detailed pics of anything…anywhere… like the USSR. – Francis Gary Powers- U-2 pilot • Eisenhower wanted the flights discontinued because he had a meeting with the USSR coming up – Dulles convinced him to authorize ONE more flight…
• May 1, 1960 - Francis Gary Powers took off – US claimed he was on a “weather mission” – Shot down over the USSR… fail…again…
U-2 Incident Fallout • Eisenhower admitted he was wrong and took full responsibility • Khrushchev went to the summit, denounced the US and left immediately after speech – Eisenhower becomes less effective as peacemaker • Powers was convicted of spying in the SU and served 16 months in jail – Let out early in a trade with the USSR for a spy we caught earlier in the decade
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