Chapter 18 Section 1 The Roots of Imperialism

Chapter 18 Section 1 The Roots of Imperialism

Chapter objectives: Identify the key factors that prodded America to expand. Explain how the United States took its first steps toward increased global power. Summarize the chain of events leading up to the U. S. annexation of Hawaii.

Key terms Imperialism: A policy by which strong nations extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker territories. Extractive Economy: Resources are extracted from the colonies and are shipped to the home country. Social Darwinism: A belief that life consists of competitive struggles in which only the fit survive.

Key People Alfred T. Mahan: A military historian and an officer in the U. S. Navy Frederick J. Turner: Historian who believed that the frontier had served as a fresh start for settlers. Matthew Perry: Commodore who sailed a fleet of American warships into present-day Tokyo Bay. Queen Liliuokalani (lih lee oo kah LAH nee): A determined Hawaiian nationalist who resented increasing white power.

IMPERIALISM **The age of imperialism was a time when POWERFUL nations engaged in a mad dash to extend their influence across much of the world.

The cause of Imperialism From the mid-1800’s through the early 1900’s, countries around the world engaged in a mad dash to extend their influence. European colonies added colonies they had established during the Age of Exploration, specifically in Asia and Africa. Following Europe’s example, America and Japan began to consider the benefits of imperialism.

Imperialists Seek Economic Benefits The main reason there was such a rush for expansion was for the resources. **Raw materials and natural resources were one of the main benefits of Imperialism. Japan and Europe sought these resources, mostly tea, rubber, iron, petroleum and other resources for industries at home. This became known as extractive economies. **Possession of colonies gave nations an edge in the competition for global resources. United States was the least worried about the shortage of material, but on the contrast, the farmers worried about the surplus of goods, and the waste of those goods, because of the booming economy. **Industrialists turned to the idea of trading overseas

Senator Albert J. Beveridge “Today we are raising more [crops] than we can consume. Today we are making more than we can use…Therefore we must find new markets for our produce, new occupations for our capitol, new work for our labor. ” -Senator Albert J. Beveridge, “The March of the Flag, ” 1898

Causes of imperialism Economic Gain u Industrialists want raw materials for industries in their home countries u Entrepreneurs want to sell their goods and invest in new overseas markets Militarism u Colonial powers seek bases for naval forces that protect their global trade networks. National and Social Darwinism u Imperialists feel a moral duty to spread their culture to people they consider inferior.

Imperialists Stress Military Strength Imperialists around the world used ideas of racial, national, and cultural superiority to justify imperialism. To expand protect their interests around the world, imperialists built up their military strength Alfred T. Mahan believed that lots of powerful nations owed their victories to navies. He believed that the U. S. had to modernize their ships and also control foreign naval bases for refueling and fresh supplies. Influenced by his ideas, the ships were rebuilt to be steel plated, steam fueled battleships. By 1900, the U. S. had the third largest navy in the world.

Imperialists believe in National Superiority To justify imperialism, imperialists used ideas of racial, national, and cultural superiority. v Social Darwinism: ** Certain nations and races destined to rule over “inferior” races and nations. v ** Some Americans feared the European nations were taking over the world. v One reason they thought this way was because they felt God had already granted them the land, which they called “Manifest Destiny”. “Throughout American history, the frontier had traditionally supplied an arena where ambitious Americans could pursue their fortunes and secure a fresh start. It had thus served as a ‘safety valve’, siphoning off potential discontent” (Frederick J. Turner “The significance of the Frontier in American History”).

Americas first step towards world power Beginning in the mid-1800’s, America focused more on expanding its trade and acquiring new territories. One of Americas first moves towards world power was before the Civil War.

Japan Before the 1800 s, Japan cut off trade to many countries including the U. S. This caused them to fall behind the rest of the world in military technology.

U. S. power grows in the Pacific Matthew Perry was the first to push American power to the Pacific. He sailed a fleet of ships to the closed off parts of Japan. Due to seclusion from the world, Japan realized they had fallen behind in military technology. Japanese people described their steam ships as “giant dragons puffing smoke. ” After entering, Perry won the favor of the emperor with gifts and within a year, had signed a treaty, opening up the ports to trade.

Other Pacific take overs **Not only did Matthew Perry’s accomplishment open trade with Japan, it also set precedent for further expansion of the Pacific. **In 1897, the U. S. took possession of the Midway Islands

Seward purchases Alaska In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia for $7. 2 million This purchase was looked at as unnecessary and earned the nickname “Seward’s Folly” due to Alaska being known for being a vast tundra. This “icebox” actually doubled America’s size, extended the reach out in the Pacific, and was rich in timber, oil and other resources. Scholars today see Seward’s purchase as a key milestone in American history. (49 th U. S. state on January 3, 1959 )

U. S. influence in Latin America grows James Blaine, Secretary of State under President Roosevelt, expanded even further into Latin America by sponsoring the first International Pan-American Conference in 1889. This was to discuss the benefits of economic cooperation, and as a representative of America, helped to pave the way for the construction of the Pan-American Highway system.

The U. S. acquires Hawaii had been a central point for America. It became a stopping point between East Asia and America. Christian churches were set up there. American sugar Plantations were owned there as well In 1887, American planters convinced King Kalakaua (kah LAH kah oo ah) to change Hawaii’s constitution so that voting was limited to wealthy landowners, which were of course, white planters

The Venezuelan Crisis: ** war in 1895 between America and the British over control of Venezuela. British got upset because America was trying to influence Latin America and British own some of Latin America ** British saw the Untied States intervene and sent in forces

Monroe Doctrine: ** This was a warning against the establishment of any additional European colonies in Latin America British accept the Monroe doctrine during the crisis ** In 1823 British violated the Monroe doctrine

American Planters increase their power American planters faced two problems 1. A new U. S. tariff law imposed duties on previously dutyfree Hawaiian sugar. This made Hawaiian sugar more expensive than U. S. sugar. 2. Queen Liliuokalani resented white planters, and abolished any political right to the white minority. Responding to this, the white planters overthrew the queen, with the help of the Marines. Under the control of the wealthy planter, Sanford B. Dole, president Benjamin Harrison was asked to annex Hawaii.

American Planters Increase Power: President William Mc. Kinley, negotiated a treaty with the Republic of Hawaii in 1897. In 1898, the Spanish-American War broke out. **January 1893, a revolutionary “Committee of Safety, ” organized by Sanford B. Dole, staged a coup against Queen Liliuokalani with the tacit support of the United States.

The U. S. annexes Hawaii President Harrison signed a treaty of annexation but couldn’t get the required senate vote before Grover Cleveland became president. After a full investigation, Cleveland found out that most Hawaiians did not support annexation. Later he apologized for the “flagrant wrong doings done by the reprehensible conduct of the American minister. After William Mc. Kinley became president, he favored annexation and after the outbreak of the Spanish. American war, congress proclaimed Hawaii an official U. S. territory.

The U. S. Annexes Hawaii: America started to eye Hawaii around the 1820 s. Hawaii and its Sugar Trade: America got a hold of Hawaii as a result of the sugar trade. Eventually, the U. S. government provided items to Hawaiian sugar growers, after the Civil War, profits began to grow. **The Mc. Kinley Tariff raised import rates on foreign sugar: In 1890 Congress approved of the Mc. Kinley Tariff. This led to Hawaiian sugar planters being undersold in the American Market. The Island led to depression. Sugar growers, most white Americans, knew that if Hawaii were to be **Annexed by the U. S. , the tariff would disappear. **Annexed: add territory to one’s own territory by appropriation

U. S. finally annexes Hawaii: Around January 1893, Grover Cleveland had been inaugurated the President. Cleveland believed that Americans had acted wrongly in Hawaii. Because of an investigation Cleveland threw, the annexation was prolonged, after Cleveland left office. Then War broke out with Spain in 1898, Hawaiian naval bases outweighed all other considerations towards the Spanish Philippines. **Finally, President Mc. Kinley signed joint resolution annexing the islands. Now, Hawaii became full American territory and then in 50 th state in 1959.