Chapter 18 Section 1 I The Spanish Introduce

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Chapter 18 Section 1

Chapter 18 Section 1

I. The Spanish Introduce Cattle (pages 412 -413) A. Spanish explorers first brought cattle

I. The Spanish Introduce Cattle (pages 412 -413) A. Spanish explorers first brought cattle to America in the 1500 s. B. Some cattle escaped from the range and eventually herds of wild cattle grazed throughout parts of Texas. C. Good climate, nutritious grass, and abundant water made Texas ideal cattle country. The famous Texas longhorn was bred from the first Spanish cattle. D. Anglo Americans used brands based on the rancher’s initials or name of the ranch.

How did Spanish and Mexicans influence ranching in Texas? • Cattle brought by the

How did Spanish and Mexicans influence ranching in Texas? • Cattle brought by the Spanish escaped and roamed wild, developing into the famous Texas longhorn. Texans learned ranching techniques, included use of brands.

II. Early Ranchers Use the Open Range (pages 413 -414) A. Ranchers adopted the

II. Early Ranchers Use the Open Range (pages 413 -414) A. Ranchers adopted the practices and equipment of the vaqueros. B. The ranching industry in South Texas flourished in the late 1700 s and early 1800 s, especially between the Nueces and Colorado Rivers. C. Cattle number grew, but ranchers experienced problems, such as theft and drought. Lack of a market was a major problem. D. Most cattle were slaughtered for their hides and tallow, which could be shipped easily. Profits were small compared with what beef cattle could bring in eastern cities.

"California Vaqueros, " painted by James Walker, 1875

"California Vaqueros, " painted by James Walker, 1875

What kept ranchers from realizing larger profits? • They did not have an efficient

What kept ranchers from realizing larger profits? • They did not have an efficient way to get the cattle to eastern markets where cattle prices were higher. Most cattle were slaughtered for their hides and tallow, rather than for their meat.

III. Trail Driving Opens the Cattle Market (page 414) A. When the railroads expanded

III. Trail Driving Opens the Cattle Market (page 414) A. When the railroads expanded westward, ranchers began driving their large herds to railroad towns, which were connected to stockyards. B. Trail driving was very economical. Twelve or fewer cowhands could drive more than 2, 000 head of cattle at a cost lower than $1 per head. C. Longhorns were driven north in the Spring when grass was plentiful for feed along the way.

How did railroads affect the Texas cattle industry? • Movement westward of railroad towns

How did railroads affect the Texas cattle industry? • Movement westward of railroad towns and stockyards nearby meant that Texas ranchers could drive their cattle to these central locations for transport to Northern markets. This meant that ranchers could produce more cattle and increase their profits.

IV. Drovers Follow Major Cattle Trails (pages 414 -415) A. The cattle path from

IV. Drovers Follow Major Cattle Trails (pages 414 -415) A. The cattle path from Texas, running north to Sedalia, Missouri, became the Sedalia or Shawnee Trail. B. Farmers complained that herds destroyed their crops and feared the cattle carried disease that could spread to other cattle. C. Joseph Mc. Coy persuaded drovers to move their drives farther west to avoid Missouri. D. The drovers used the Chisholm Trail and headed their cattle for the newly built towns. It began in South Texas; headed north past Austin, Waco, and Forth Worth; crossed the Red River near Nocona; and ran north to Abilene, Kansas.

Why did the Texas cattle trails move westward, and how did this affect Texas?

Why did the Texas cattle trails move westward, and how did this affect Texas? • When Missouri farmers fenced their fields to keep cattle drives from destroying their crops, drovers developed new trails westward. They convinced railroads to build towns with pens and corrals farther and farther westward to avoid Missouri. The movement westward of cattle drives and railroad towns encouraged the development of West Texas.

V. Life Along the Trail Drives (pages 416 -417) A. A few cowhands could

V. Life Along the Trail Drives (pages 416 -417) A. A few cowhands could drive the herd 10 to 12 miles per day, while at night, cowhands took turns “riding herd, ” or guarding against stampedes or raids by Native Americans or rustlers. B. Trail driving ended shortly after 1885. The supply of cattle became greater than the demand, so cattle prices fell. C. The drovers frequently encountered barbed wire fences, and cattle suspected of carrying disease were kept out of Kansas and Missouri by quarantine laws.

Why do you think the cowhand’s life could sometimes be dangerous? • Stampedes could

Why do you think the cowhand’s life could sometimes be dangerous? • Stampedes could injure or kill cowhands. Rustlers could become violent.

VI. Ranching Fact and Fiction (page 417) A. The cowhand became an important figure

VI. Ranching Fact and Fiction (page 417) A. The cowhand became an important figure in art, literature, music, and movies, portraying his life as glamorous and exciting. B. In reality, the work of a cowhand was unglamorous hard work, and during the winter there was no work. C. Nearly one-sixth of all cowhands of this period were Mexican. Perhaps another onesixth were African American.

How are movies and accounts of cowhands misleading? • They portray the cowhand’s life

How are movies and accounts of cowhands misleading? • They portray the cowhand’s life as glamorous and exciting, when in reality it was just a lot of hard work and seldom violent. Also, many cowhands were Mexican Americans and African Americans, a fact that is seldom depicted.

Chapter 18 Section 2

Chapter 18 Section 2

I. Big Ranches Bring Big Profits (pages 419 -420) A. Huge ranches sprawled throughout

I. Big Ranches Bring Big Profits (pages 419 -420) A. Huge ranches sprawled throughout South Texas and on the rangelands to the north. B. Attracted by high profits of ranching, investors from the Matador Land Cattle Company of Dundee Scotland bought the Matador Ranch. C. British investors financed the XIT Ranch, the largest of the period, and provided part of the funds to build the capitol in Austin. D. Texas granted more than 3 million acres to a Chicago company in the 1880 s, and in return, tje company promised to build a new state capitol in Austin.

Why do you think ranchers helped build the state capitol building? • The state

Why do you think ranchers helped build the state capitol building? • The state was short of funds, but it owned a lot of land that it could use to sell for money and services to help build the capitol. Ranchers willingly acquired the land in order to expand their businesses and increase profits.

II. Mustangers Catch Wild Horses (pages 420 -421) A. Mustangers caught and trained wild

II. Mustangers Catch Wild Horses (pages 420 -421) A. Mustangers caught and trained wild mustang horses of the western plains B. Mustangers tamed and sold the horses to the U. S. Army or to ranchers.

Why was the activity of mustangers important? • Ranchers and cowhands needed a supply

Why was the activity of mustangers important? • Ranchers and cowhands needed a supply of horses to help them manage large herds of cattle, and the army needed horses to use sin their various campaigns.

III. The Sheep Industry Booms A. Colonists raised sheep in South Texas for many

III. The Sheep Industry Booms A. Colonists raised sheep in South Texas for many years, but just before the Civil War, a sheep raising boom occurred. In the 1870 s, ranchers west and north of San Antonio began to acquire large herds. B. Cattle ranchers and farmers, however, were hostile to sheep herders, complaining that sheep cropped the grass too short and ruined the range. C. Ranchers and farmers began to fence in their lands to protect them.

How did the sheep boom affect Texas? • Sheep ranches expanded. Sheep grazing ruined

How did the sheep boom affect Texas? • Sheep ranches expanded. Sheep grazing ruined the range because sheep cropped the grass too short and interfered with cattle grazing. Sheep also interfered with the farmers’ fields so they began fencing off their fields.

IV. Barbed Wire Ends the Open Range (pages 421 -422) A. By 1880, barbed

IV. Barbed Wire Ends the Open Range (pages 421 -422) A. By 1880, barbed wire fences were built in several Texas counties. B. Some ranchers cut off the water supply to other ranchers’ herds. C. Farmers and ranchers engaged in fencecutting wards when cattle and sheep raisers began fencing their land. D. Windmills for pumping well water helped make fenced pastures possible.

How did landowners get around the problem of neighboring landowners cutting off the water

How did landowners get around the problem of neighboring landowners cutting off the water supply? • They dug wells and installed windmill pumps.

V. The Ranching Industry Declines (page 422) A. Ranchers over-expanded their ranches, producing too

V. The Ranching Industry Declines (page 422) A. Ranchers over-expanded their ranches, producing too many cattle, which ruined the ranges with overgrazing. Cattle prices fell. B. Severe blizzards and long droughts contributed to the decline as ranchers were forced to sell their land. Many ranchers went bankrupt. C. New breeds of cattle, such as Hereford, Angus, Shorthorn, and the Brahman replaced the rangy longhorn.

How did ranchers respond to the decline in the ranching industry? • Some ranchers

How did ranchers respond to the decline in the ranching industry? • Some ranchers were forced to sell their land go out of business. Others developed new breeds of cattle.

VI. Cultures Meet in the Ranch Country (pages 422 -423) A. Mexican American vaqueros

VI. Cultures Meet in the Ranch Country (pages 422 -423) A. Mexican American vaqueros worked on ranches in South Texas, and some large ranches were held by Mexican Americans. B. Mexican Americans also advanced sheep raising, and most shepherds, or pastores, were Mexican Americans. C. Practically all sheep shearers were from Mexico or were of Mexican heritage. D. African Americans sometimes worked as cowhands and trail bosses in cattle drives.

How did ranching benefit various ethnic groups? • Mexican Americans worked on sheep and

How did ranching benefit various ethnic groups? • Mexican Americans worked on sheep and cattle ranches as cowhands, shepherds, and shearers. Some of them owned large ranches. African Americans worked as cowhands and some became trail bosses or ranch owners.

VII. Women Ranchers (page 423) A. Women worked with their husbands to settle the

VII. Women Ranchers (page 423) A. Women worked with their husbands to settle the frontier and build ranches. B. Elizabeth Johnson Williams was an experienceed rancher whose knowledge of cattle and cattle trading was widely respected. C. Other women, such as Henrietta King and Margaret Heferman Borland, owned and operated their own ranches.

Women ranchers worked in jobs that were traditionally dominated by men. In what other

Women ranchers worked in jobs that were traditionally dominated by men. In what other professions have women proved their ability to perform? • Women have proven their abilities in all professions, for example, as construction workers, corporate executives, mail carriers, professors, physicians, political leaders, and astronauts.

Chapter 18 Section 3

Chapter 18 Section 3

I. Farming on the Rise (pages 424 -425) A. Drier parts of West Texas

I. Farming on the Rise (pages 424 -425) A. Drier parts of West Texas produced profitable crops, and farmers used windmills to pump water for livestock and households. B. The “dry farming” method, which leaves loose soil on top to reduce evaporation, spread throughout West Texas and the Panhandle. C. Within a year after the Texas and Pacific Railroad came to West Central Texas in 1881, the towns of Abilene, Sweetwater, Colorado City, and Big Spring were encouraging farmers to settle nearby.

What enabled farmers to settle farther into West Texas despite dry land? • New

What enabled farmers to settle farther into West Texas despite dry land? • New methods of agriculture, such as the “dry farming” method; availability of water using windmill pumps; and the extension of the railroad which enabled farmers to send their harvests to markets.

II. Texans Rely on King Cotton (pages 425 -426) A. Cotton was the most

II. Texans Rely on King Cotton (pages 425 -426) A. Cotton was the most important crop in Texas. In the late 1800 s, cotton farmers were more common than ranchers. B. Proceso Martinez introduced cotton and modern techniques to the Rio Grande Valley. C. Railroads allowed farmers to haul their crops to market cheaply and efficiently. D. Many farms after the Civil War, however, also failed because farmers were unfamiliar with land in Texas and how to best use it. E. Hardships included swarms of grasshoppers and droughts. F. Farmers could fail even if there was a surplus because that meant lower prices.

What caused many farms to fail after the Civil War? • Farmers did not

What caused many farms to fail after the Civil War? • Farmers did not know how to cope with drought and pests. Crop surpluses meant lower prices, and farmers could not afford to keep their farms.

III. The Tenant System Replaces Slavery (pages 426 -427) A. After the Civil War,

III. The Tenant System Replaces Slavery (pages 426 -427) A. After the Civil War, large plantations were broken up and sold as small farms, or rented to tenant farmers. B. Tenant farmers provided the landowner a portion of their crop as rent. C. Tenant farmers who did not provide their own tools and supplies were called sharecroppers. They received a share, usually half of the value of the crop.

What was the difference between tenant farmers and sharecroppers? • Tenant farmers rented their

What was the difference between tenant farmers and sharecroppers? • Tenant farmers rented their farms from large landowners and paid part of their rent with a portion of their crops. Sharecroppers rented land from landowners but did not provide their own tools and supplies as did tenant farmers.