Chapter 18 Interdependence A Key Theme in Ecology

Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Section 1 Introduction to Ecology Levels of Organization in studying an ecological

Chapter 18 Section 1 Introduction to Ecology Levels of Organization Chapter menu Resources Copyright

Chapter 18 Section 1 Introduction to Ecology Levels of Organization, continued • The Biosphere

Chapter 18 Section 1 Introduction to Ecology Levels of Organization, continued • Ecosystems –

Chapter 18 Section 1 Introduction to Ecology Ecosystem • ABIOTIC FACTORS--A pond ecosystem also

Chapter 18 Section 1 Introduction to Ecology Levels of Organization, continued • Communities, Populations,

Chapter 18 Section 1 Introduction to Ecology Community Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by

Population Growth Logistic vs Exponential. Logistic limited by resources Exponential steady growth rate Exponential

Chapter 18 Section 2 Ecology of Organisms Objectives • Compare abiotic factors with biotic

Chapter 18 Section 2 Ecology of Organisms Ecosystem Components • Biotic and Abiotic Factors

Chapter 18 Section 2 Ecology of Organisms The Niche • A niche is a

Chapter 18 Section 2 Ecology Of Organisms Earthworm Niche Chapter menu Resources Copyright ©

Chapter 18 Section 3 Energy Transfer Objectives • Summarize the role of producers in

Chapter 18 Section 3 Energy Transfer Producers • Most producers are photosynthetic and make

Chapter 18 Section 3 Energy Transfer Producers, continued • Measuring Productivity – Gross primary

Chapter 18 Section 3 Energy Transfer Consumers • Consumers obtain energy by eating other

Chapter 18 Section 3 Energy Transfer Comparing Consumers and Producers Chapter menu Resources Copyright

Chapter 18 Section 3 Energy Transfer Energy Flow • When one organism eats another,

Chapter 18 Section 3 Energy Transfer Food Chains and Food Webs Chapter menu Resources

Chapter 18 Section 3 Energy Transfer Food Chain in an Antarctic Ecosystem Chapter menu

Chapter 18 Section 3 Energy Transfer Food Web in an Antarctic Ecosystem Chapter menu

Chapter 18 Section 3 Energy Transfer Energy Flow, continued • Energy Transfer – Ecosystems

Chapter 18 Section 3 Energy Transfer Through Trophic Levels There about 1000 zebras for

Chapter 18 Section 3 Energy Transfer Energy Pyramid Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by

Chapter 18 Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling Objectives • List four major biogeochemical cycles. •

• Since stratospheric ozone is produced by solar UV radiation, one might expect

Chapter 18 Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling The Water Cycle • Key processes in the

Chapter 18 Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling Water Cycle Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by

Chapter 18 Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling The Carbon Cycle • Photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Chapter 18 Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling Carbon Cycle Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by

In the last 150 years the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide has risen more

Chapter 18 Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling Nitrogen Cycle • N 2 gas makes up

Chapter 18 Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling Nitrogen Cycle Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by

Chapter 18 Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling Phosphorus Cycle • In the phosphorus cycle, phosphorus

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. What are the levels of organization

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 1. What are the levels of

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. What makes up an ecosystem?

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which of the following are

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. How do decomposers benefit an

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 5. Which organisms are most critical

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the illustration below to answer

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 6. What is the term for

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Complete the following analogy: 7. bear

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the illustration to answer question

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 8. What role do the krill

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Short Response Give two reasons why the destruction of

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued Give two reasons why the destruction

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response Base your answers to parts A &

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response, continued Answer: Part A Generalist species have

Chapter 18 Section 2 Ecology of Organisms in a Changing Environment • Acclimation –

Chapter 18 Section 2 Ecology of Organisms in a Changing Environment, continued • Control

Chapter 18 Section 2 Ecology of Organisms in a Changing Environment, continued • Escape

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Chapter 18 Interdependence: A Key Theme in Ecology • Organisms and Their Environments – Species interact with both other species and their nonliving environment. – Interdependence is a theme in ecology—one change can affect all species in an ecosystem. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Section 1 Introduction to Ecology Levels of Organization in studying an ecological system • Ecologists recognize a hierarchy of organization in the environment: biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, and organism. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Section 1 Introduction to Ecology Levels of Organization, continued • The Biosphere – The broadest, most inclusive level of organization is the biosphere, the thin volume of Earth and its atmosphere that supports life. – All organisms are found in the biosphere – Extends from ~ 5 -6 miles above earth to the deepest part of the oceans. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Section 1 Introduction to Ecology Levels of Organization, continued • Ecosystems – The biosphere is composed of smaller units called ecosystems. – An ecosystem includes all of the organisms and the nonliving environment found in a particular place. • BIOTIC FACTORS--A pond ecosystem includes all of the fish, turtles, insects, aquatic plants, algae and bacteria (all living things) Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Section 1 Introduction to Ecology Ecosystem • ABIOTIC FACTORS--A pond ecosystem also includes all of the physical and chemical aspects of the pond that influence its inhabitants. ie p. H, levels of dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen as well as the amount of sunlight. Temperature, humidity, salinity, precipitation Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Section 1 Introduction to Ecology Levels of Organization, continued • Communities, Populations, and Organisms – A community is all the interacting organisms living in an area. – Below the community level of organization is the population level, where the focus is on the individual organisms of a single species. • Size, density, and dispersion are characteristics of populations Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Population Growth Logistic vs Exponential. Logistic limited by resources Exponential steady growth rate Exponential Logistic Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Section 2 Ecology of Organisms Objectives • Compare abiotic factors with biotic factors, and list two examples of each. • Describe two mechanisms that allow organisms to survive in a changing environment. • Explain the concept of the niche. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Section 2 Ecology of Organisms Ecosystem Components • Biotic and Abiotic Factors – Both biotic, or living, factors and abiotic, or nonliving, factors influence organisms. Examples of abiotic factors are climate, sunlight, and p. H. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Section 2 Ecology of Organisms The Niche • A niche is a way of life, or a role (What’s your job? ) in an ecosystem. – Range of conditions the organism can tolerate – The resources it uses – Method of obtaining resources – Number of offspring – Time of reproduction – All interactions with its environment Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Section 3 Energy Transfer Objectives • Summarize the role of producers in an ecosystem. • Identify several kinds of consumers in an ecosystem. • Explain the important role of decomposers in an ecosystem. • Compare the concept of a food chain with that of a food web. • Explain why ecosystems usually contain only a few trophic levels. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Section 3 Energy Transfer Producers • Most producers are photosynthetic and make carbohydrates by using energy from the sun. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Section 3 Energy Transfer Producers, continued • Measuring Productivity – Gross primary productivity is the rate at which producers in an ecosystem capture the energy of sunlight by producing organic compounds. – The rate at which biomass accumulates is called net primary productivity. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Section 3 Energy Transfer Consumers • Consumers obtain energy by eating other organisms and include herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, detritivores, and decomposers. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Section 3 Energy Transfer Energy Flow • When one organism eats another, organic molecules are metabolized and energy transferred. • Food Chains and Food Webs – A single pathway of energy transfer is a food chain. – A network showing all paths of energy transfer is a food web. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Section 3 Energy Transfer Energy Flow, continued • Energy Transfer – Ecosystems contain only a few trophic levels because there is a low rate of energy transfer between each level. – ~10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level • Some organisms in one trophic level escape being eaten • When they die, they are eaten by decomposers, but the energy does not go to a higher trophic level • Energy transfer is never 100 % efficient when changing form • There are many more organisms in lower trophic levels because higher levels contain less energy and can not support as many organisms. • Trophic level = feeding level in an ecosystem Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Section 3 Energy Transfer Through Trophic Levels There about 1000 zebras for every lion. There are many grasses. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling Objectives • List four major biogeochemical cycles. • Summarize three important processes in the water cycle. • Outline the major steps in the carbon cycle. • Describe the role of decomposers in the nitrogen cycle. • Summarize the major steps of the phosphorus cycle. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

• Since stratospheric ozone is produced by solar UV radiation, one might expect to find the highest ozone levels over the tropics and the lowest over polar regions. The same argument would lead one to expect the highest ozone levels in the summer and the lowest in the winter. The observed behavior is very different: most of the ozone is found in the mid-to-high latitudes of the northern and southern hemispheres, and the highest levels are found in the spring, not summer, and the lowest in the autumn, not winter in the northern hemisphere The ozone layer can be depleted by free radical catalysts, including nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), hydroxyl (OH), atomic chlorine (Cl), and atomic bromine (Br). Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling The Water Cycle • Key processes in the water cycle are evaporation, transpiration, and precipitation. • Transpiration is a process similar to evaporation. It is a part of the water cycle, and it is the loss of water vapor from parts of plants (similar to sweating), especially in leaves (stomata) but also in stems. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling The Carbon Cycle • Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are the two main steps in the carbon cycle. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

In the last 150 years the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide has risen more than 30%. This has increased the temperature about 1⁰C since 1900. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling Nitrogen Cycle • N 2 gas makes up 78% of the atmosphere, but plants cannot use nitrogen unless it is in the form of nitrate. • Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are important in the nitrogen cycle because they change nitrogen gas into this usable form of nitrogen for plants-nitrogen fixation. • The plants supply carbohydrates to the bacteria. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling Phosphorus Cycle • In the phosphorus cycle, phosphorus moves from phosphate deposited in rock, to the soil, to living organisms, and finally to the ocean. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. What are the levels of organization in ecology? A. cell, tissue, organ system, body B. organ, organism, population, community C. organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere D. population, habitat, ecosystem, biogeochemical system, planet Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 1. What are the levels of organization in ecology? A. cell, tissue, organ system, body B. organ, organism, population, community C. organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere D. population, habitat, ecosystem, biogeochemical system, planet Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. What makes up an ecosystem? F. all the habitat types on Earth G. all parts of Earth where life exists H. all members of a species in the same area J. all the living and nonliving factors in an environment Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which of the following are abiotic factors? A. plants B. animals C. sunlight D. microorganisms Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. How do decomposers benefit an ecosystem? F. by returning nutrients to the soil G. by manufacturing energy from sunlight H. by removing excess nutrients from the soil J. by removing predators from the ecosystem Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 5. Which organisms are most critical in the nitrogen cycle? A. plants B. nitrates C. animals D. bacteria Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the illustration below to answer question 6. The illustration represents a trophic pyramid. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 6. What is the term for the kinds of organisms that make up the trophic level labeled C? F. producers G. consumers H. detritivores J. decomposers Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Complete the following analogy: 7. bear : omnivore : : vulture : A. producer B. herbivore C. detritivore D. decomposer Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the illustration to answer question 8. The illustration represents a food chain. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 8. What role do the krill have in this food chain? F. They are producers. G. They are consumers. H. They are detritivores. J. They are decomposers. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Short Response Give two reasons why the destruction of tropical rain forests can contribute to an increase in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued Give two reasons why the destruction of tropical rain forests can contribute to an increase in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Answer: The burning of vegetation releases CO 2 into the atmosphere and removes plants that could have absorbed the CO 2 already in the atmosphere. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response Base your answers to parts A & B on the information below. Some species are generalized with regard to their niche, and other species are specialized. Part A Compare the niche of a generalist species with one of a specialist species. Part B Predict how two different herbivores can share the same plant resource. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response, continued Answer: Part A Generalist species have a broad niche, as they can tolerate a wide range of conditions and use a wide variety of resources. Specialist species can only use specific resources and have more narrowly defined niches. Part B Two herbivores might eat different parts of the plant, or might eat the plant at different times of the year. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Section 2 Ecology of Organisms in a Changing Environment • Acclimation – Some organisms can adjust their tolerance to abiotic factors through the process of acclimation. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Section 2 Ecology of Organisms in a Changing Environment, continued • Control of Internal Conditions – Conformers are organisms that do not regulate their internal conditions; they change as their external environment changes. – Regulators use energy to control some of their internal conditions. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 18 Section 2 Ecology of Organisms in a Changing Environment, continued • Escape from Unsuitable Conditions – Some species survive unfavorable environmental conditions by becoming dormant or by migrating. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.