Chapter 18 Industrial Revolution and European Society I

Chapter 18: Industrial Revolution and European Society I. The Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution • • Powered machines Modern factory system Technological developments Impact on society

Beginnings of Industrialism • Important factors in British society: – Adequate food supply – Large and mobile labor force – Expansion of trade • Social and political climate

Beginnings of Industrialism • Agricultural Revolution – Jethro Tull • Seed “drill” – Charles Townshend • System of crop rotation

Beginnings of Industrialism • Agricultural Revolution – Robert Bakewell • Breeding of farm animals – Enclosure movement

Beginnings of Industrialism • The Textile Industry – Cotton manufacturing – John Kay • Flying shuttle – James Hargreaves • Spinning jenny

Beginnings of Industrialism • The Textile Industry – Richard Arkwright • Spinning frame • Father of the Industrial Revolution – Samuel Crompton • Spinning mule

Beginnings of Industrialism • The Textile Industry – Eli Whitney • Cotton gin

Beginnings of Industrialism • The Factory System – Workers, raw materials, and machinery – Locations of factories – Four significant changes for the worker:

Changes for the Worker 1. Often moved to an urban environment 2. No longer owned his own tools

Changes for the Worker 3. No longer controlled the number of hours he worked per day or the pace at which he worked 4. More often away from family

Development of Industrialism • Not all countries embraced industrialism equally • Iron and Steel Production – Henry Cort – Sir Henry Bessemer

Development of Industrialism • New Sources of Power – James Watt • Steam engine – Electric dynamo – Oil

Development of Industrialism • Transportation – Turnpike trusts in Britain – John Mc. Adam – Canals – Railroads • Richard Trevithick

Development of Industrialism • Transportation – Robert Fulton • Steamboat – Orville and Wilbur Wright • Airplane – Henry Ford • Automobile

Development of Industrialism • Mass Production – Automation – Interchangeable parts – Division of labor – Assembly line

Development of Industrialism • Science and Industry – Chemistry – Inventors • Thomas Edison

Development of Industrialism • Business Finance – Large corporations – Banks

Consequences of Industrialism • Living and Working Conditions – Housing in cities • Often crowded slums – Working day – Safety

Consequences of Industrialism • Increased Population and Productivity – Better nourishment – Higher standard of living – Population growth – Reduced prices

Consequences of Industrialism • Evaluation of the Industrial Age – Some see nothing but evil – Some gloss over the problems • Problems are the result of sin

Chapter 18: Industrial Revolution and European Society II. Responses to the Industrial Revolution

Response of Government • Social Reform – Factory Act (1833) – Poor Law (1834) – Mines Act (1842) – Ten Hour Bill (1847)

Response of Government • Social Reform – William Wilberforce • Slave trade abolished in 1807 • Slavery abolished in 1833

Response of Government • Economic Reform – Corn Laws • Political Reform – Reform Bills • Reform Bill of 1832 – Chartism • Its demands • Reform Bill of 1867

Response of Government • Disraeli and Gladstone – Alternated as prime minister – Benjamin Disraeli • Leader of Tory Party • Public health and housing • Foreign affairs

Response of Government • Disraeli and Gladstone – William Gladstone • Leader of Liberal Party • Statesman of strong character, religious faith • Domestic reforms and education • Ireland

Response of Government • The Parliament Bill of 1911 – House of Commons becomes supreme governing body in Britain – Britain began to develop into a welfare state

Ideas of the Socialists • Belief that man is basically good – Assumes the perfectibility of man and society – Rejects the fact that sin is at the root of all social evils

Socialism Government ownership of the means of production and the distribution of goods for the presumed welfare of society

Socialism is a worldview. It affects every area of life.

Socialism Man is by nature good; it is society that has corrupted him. If society can be improved, then man will be improved, and injustice will cease.

Ideas of the Socialists • Utopian Socialism – Proper surroundings and education would solve all problems – Robert Owen • Communities in Scotland at New Harmony, Indiana

Ideas of the Socialists • Marxism – Karl Marx – Friedrich Engels – Communist Manifesto • “The history of class struggles” • “Dictatorship of the proletariat” – Das Kapital

Ideas of the Socialists • Marxism – Economic forces determined the course of history – Perfect society: Communism – Proletariat vs. Bourgeoisie – Revolution was the answer • Destroy Christianity

Ideas of the Socialists • Fabian Socialism – Desired socialist society without revolution – Gradually undermine capitalism – Urged the passage of welfare legislation

Ideas of the Socialists • Christian Socialism – Theological liberals – Sought to establish an earthly millennium – Failed to see that the perfectibility of man by man is contrary to Scripture

Ideas of the Socialists • Concern of Christians – Needs and problems of people – Sin is at the root of all social ills – Sunday School movement • Robert Raikes • Teaching about Jesus & reading and writing

Ideas of the Socialists • Concern of Christians – Orphanages • George Mueller – YMCA – Salvation Army • William Booth

Ideas of the Socialists • Concern of Christians – Revivals • Dwight L. Moody • Ira Sankey • Evangelistic campaigns in Britain and America

Chapter 18: Industrial Revolution and European Society III. Changing Outlooks in European Society

Faith in Scientific Progress • Expansion of scientific knowledge and technology • Science became the source of hope for the future

Faith in Scientific Progress • Evolutionary Outlook – Charles Darwin • On the Origin of Species • The Descent of Man • Directly opposed Scripture

Faith in Scientific Progress • Revolution in the Physical Sciences – John Dalton • Atomic Theory – Dmitri Mendeleev • Classification of chemical elements

Faith in Scientific Progress – Wilhelm Roentgen • X-rays • Henry Moseley – Pierre and Marie Curie – Ernest Rutherford • Atomic model • Niels Bohr – Albert Einstein • Theory of relativity

Faith in Scientific Progress • Impact of Science on Society – To many, science became a religion • Rejected authority of God’s Word in favor of authority of scientific theory – Some tried to apply it to society

Challenges to Christianity • Rejection of authority of Scripture – “Scientific” approach – Miracles – Prophecies • Purpose and mission of the church – To change society?

Challenges to Christianity • Growing materialism • Secularization of society • Spirit of humanism— exaltation of man above God • Some believers remained faithful

New Trends in the Arts • Realism – Charles Dickens • Hard Times – Thomas Hardy – Samuel Clemens • Mark Twain – Leo Tolstoy

New Trends in the Arts • Impressionism – French artists – Light – Auguste Renoir – Claude Monet – Auguste Rodin • Sculpture • The Thinker

New Trends in the Arts • Impressionism – Claude Debussy • Music

New Trends in the Arts • Postimpressionism – Paul Cézanne • Geometric emphasis • Forerunner of cubism – Vincent van Gogh • Distortion of figures • Forerunner of expressionism