CHAPTER 18 HUMAN REPRODUCTION CHAPTER 18 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

CHAPTER 18 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

CHAPTER 18 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

CHAPTER 18, SECTION 1: MALE REPRODUCTION SYSTEM A. WHAT DOES THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DO? 1. IT PRODUCES SPERM 2. FERTILIZES EGGS B. HOW DOES IT WORK? (BODY PARTS) 1. TESTES – MAKE THE SPERM AND TESTOSTERONE 2. PENIS - REMOVES URINE AND SPERM 3. EPIDIDYMIS – SPERM MATURE AND ARE STORED HERE 4. VAS DEFERENS – THE TUBE WHERE SPERM BECOMES SEMEN 5. SEMINAL VESICLES – PRODUCES THE PROTECTION FLUID THAT MAKES THE SPERM INTO SEMEN 6. PROSTATE GLAND – SECRETES A THIN MILKY FLUID FOR PROTECTION 7. COWPER’S GLAND – SECRETES A CLEAR FLUID FOR PROTECTION C. PROBLEMS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. 1. JOCK ITCH – FUNGAL INFECTION OF THE GROIN AREA. USE CREAMS OR POWDERS TO TREAT IT. 2. BLADDER INFECTION – BACTERIAL INFECTION OF THE BLADDER, ANTIBIOTICS TO TREAT IT. 3. PROSTATITIS – BACTERIAL INFECTION OF THE PROSTATE, ANTIBIOTICS TO TREAT IT.

CHAPTER 18, SECTION 1: MALE REPRODUCTION SYSTEM A. WHAT DOES THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DO? 1. IT PRODUCES ______ 2. FERTILIZES ______ B. HOW DOES IT WORK? (BODY PARTS) 1. _______– MAKE THE SPERM AND TESTOSTERONE 2. _______ - REMOVES URINE AND SPERM 3. __________– SPERM MATURE AND ARE STORED HERE 4. ___________– THE TUBE WHERE SPERM BECOMES SEMEN 5. ____________– PRODUCES THE PROTECTION FLUID THAT MAKES THE SPERM INTO SEMEN 6. _________– SECRETES A THIN MILKY FLUID FOR PROTECTION 7. ___________ – SECRETES A CLEAR FLUID FOR PROTECTION C. PROBLEMS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. 1. _____ – FUNGAL INFECTION OF THE GROIN AREA. USE CREAMS OR POWDERS TO TREAT IT. 2. ____________ – BACTERIAL INFECTION OF THE BLADDER, ANTIBIOTICS TO TREAT IT. 3. ______ – BACTERIAL INFECTION OF THE PROSTATE, ANTIBIOTICS TO TREAT IT.

4. HERNIA – A BULGE IN THE ABDOMINE OR INTESTINE, MEDICAL CARE OR EVEN SURGERY MAY BE NEEDED. 5. TESTICULAR TORSION – TWISTING OF THE TESTES BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES, MEDICAL CARE AND/OR SURGERY MAY BE NEEDED. 6. UNDESCENDED TESTES – FAILURE OF ONE OR BOTH TESTES TO DROP FROM THE ABDOMINE. SURGERY OR HORMONE THERAPY. 7. PROSTATE CANCER – ABNORMAL DIVISION OF CELLS IN THE PROSTATE, SURGERY, CHEMOTHERAPY, AND RADIATION MAY BE NEEDED. 8. TESTICULAR CANCER – ABNORMAL DIVISION OF CELLS IN THE TESTES, SURGERY, CHEMO, RADIATION NEEDED. D. KEEPING THE MALE SYSTEM HEALTHY. 1. STD’S – ABSTAIN FROM INTERCOURSE. 2. JOCK ITCH – USE POWDERS OR CREAMS. 3. TRAUMA – WEAR PROTECTIVE GEAR. 4. HERNIA’S – CAREFUL WHEN LIFTING HEAVY OBJECTS. 5. INFERTILITY – STAY AWAY FROM DRUG USE, AND KEEP AREA COOL. E. EARLY DETECTION OF CANCERS. 1. PROSTATE CANCER – YEARLY PHYSICAL WITH DR. AND BLOOD TESTING IF HAVING PROBLEMS. (BLOOD IN URINE OR FECES) 2. TESTICULAR CANCER – SELF EXAM’S ON A MONTHLY BASIS.

4. _______– A BULGE IN THE ABDOMINE OR INTESTINE, MEDICAL CARE OR EVEN SURGERY MAY BE NEEDED. 5. __________ – TWISTING OF THE TESTES BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES, MEDICAL CARE AND/OR SURGERY MAY BE NEEDED. 6. ___________ – FAILURE OF ONE OR BOTH TESTES TO DROP FROM THE ABDOMINE. SURGERY OR HORMONE THERAPY. 7. _________– ABNORMAL DIVISION OF CELLS IN THE PROSTATE, SURGERY, CHEMOTHERAPY, AND RADIATION MAY BE NEEDED. 8. __________ – ABNORMAL DIVISION OF CELLS IN THE TESTES, SURGERY, CHEMO, RADIATION NEEDED. D. KEEPING THE MALE SYSTEM HEALTHY. 1. _______ – ABSTAIN FROM INTERCOURSE. 2. ___________ – USE POWDERS OR CREAMS. 3. ________ – WEAR PROTECTIVE GEAR. 4. ________ – CAREFUL WHEN LIFTING HEAVY OBJECTS. 5. _______ – STAY AWAY FROM DRUG USE, AND KEEP AREA COOL. E. EARLY DETECTION OF CANCERS. 1. ________ – YEARLY PHYSICAL WITH DR. AND BLOOD TESTING IF HAVING PROBLEMS. (BLOOD IN URINE OR FECES) 2. _____________ – SELF EXAM’S ON A MONTHLY BASIS.

IMAGES OF MALE BODY PARTS

IMAGES OF MALE BODY PARTS

CHAPTER 18 SECTION 2: FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM A. WHAT DOES IT DO? 1. MAKES EGGS 2. PROVIDES A PLACE FOR A DEVELOPING HUMAN BODY. B. HOW DOES IT WORK? (BODY PARTS) 1. OVARIES – PRODUCES THE EGGS, PROGESTERONE, AND ESTROGEN. 2. VAGINA – RECEIVES THE SPERM, CONNECTS OUTSIDE OF THE BODY TO THE UTERUS. 3. FALLOPIAN TUBES – TRANSPORTS THE EGGS TO THE UTERUS. 4. UTERUS – A PLACE TO SUPPORT A FETUS. C. THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE. * TYPICALLY STARTS FROM THE START OF PUBERTY AND WILL LAST UNTIL MENOPAUSE. * HORMONE CONTROLLED CHANGES CAUSING A DISCHARGE. * THE FLOW OF BLOOD, HORMONES, AND THE PLACENTA USUALLY LASTS ON AVERAGE FROM 3 TO 7 DAYS. (FIGURE 5 ON PAGE 439) * EVERY FEMALES CYCLE IS DIFFERENT. THEY CAN VARY FROM PERSON TO PERSON OR EVEN FROM MONTH TO MONTH. * MENSTRUATION – FIRST 5 DAYS OF THE CYCLE. (FLOW)

CHAPTER 18 SECTION 2: FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM A. WHAT DOES IT DO? 1. MAKES _______ 2. PROVIDES A PLACE FOR A __________________. B. HOW DOES IT WORK? (BODY PARTS) 1. ______ – PRODUCES THE EGGS, PROGESTERONE, AND ESTROGEN. 2. ____ – RECEIVES THE SPERM, CONNECTS OUTSIDE OF THE BODY TO THE UTERUS. 3. ____________ – TRANSPORTS THE EGGS TO THE UTERUS. 4. __________ – A PLACE TO SUPPORT A FETUS. C. THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE. * TYPICALLY STARTS FROM THE START OF ____ AND WILL LAST UNTIL ___________. * HORMONE CONTROLLED CHANGES CAUSING A DISCHARGE. * THE FLOW OF BLOOD, HORMONES, AND THE PLACENTA USUALLY LASTS ON AVERAGE FROM __ TO __ DAYS. (FIGURE 5 ON PAGE 439) * EVERY FEMALES CYCLE IS DIFFERENT. THEY CAN VARY FROM PERSON TO PERSON OR EVEN FROM MONTH TO MONTH. * MENSTRUATION – FIRST ___ DAYS OF THE CYCLE. (FLOW)

* OVULATION – USUALLY DAY 14 OF THE CYCLE. (EGG RELEASE) * TYPICALLY MENSTRUATION IS A 28 DAY CYCLE. D. PROBLEMS OF THE FEMALE SYSTEM. 1. BLADDER INFECTION – BACTERIAL INFECTION OF THE BLADDER. 2. VAGINITIS – VAGINAL INFECTION. (STD CAUSED) 3. DELAYED PUBERTY – DUE TO OVER EXERCISE, EATING DISORDERS, OR EXCESSIVE WEIGHT LOSS. 4. MENSTRUAL CRAMPS – DUE TO HORMONE PRODUCTION. 5. PMS – MENTAL AND PHYSICAL CHANGES DUE TO CYCLE. 6. TSS – POISONING OF THE BODY DUE TO WRONG USE OF TAMPONS. 7. ENDOMETRIOSIS – GROWTH OF THE UTERINE LINING. (TISSUE) 8. OVARIAN CYSTS – FAILURE OF A FOLLICLE IN OVARY TO RUPTURE AND RELEASE AN EGG. COULD BE A GROWTH OR CANCER AS WELL. 9. CERVICAL CANCER – ABNORMAL DIVISION OF CELLS IN THE CERVIX, MAY BE CAUSED BY HPV OR OTHER STD’S.

* ______ – USUALLY DAY 14 OF THE CYCLE. (EGG RELEASE) * TYPICALLY MENSTRUATION IS A _____ DAY CYCLE. D. PROBLEMS OF THE FEMALE SYSTEM. 1. ___________ – BACTERIAL INFECTION OF THE BLADDER. 2. __________ – VAGINAL INFECTION. (STD CAUSED) 3. ____________ – DUE TO OVER EXERCISE, EATING DISORDERS, OR EXCESSIVE WEIGHT LOSS. 4. _____________ – DUE TO HORMONE PRODUCTION. 5. _______ – MENTAL AND PHYSICAL CHANGES DUE TO CYCLE. 6. _______ – POISONING OF THE BODY DUE TO WRONG USE OF TAMPONS. 7. _________ – GROWTH OF THE UTERINE LINING. (TISSUE) 8. ___________ – FAILURE OF A FOLLICLE IN OVARY TO RUPTURE AND RELEASE AN EGG. COULD BE A GROWTH OR CANCER AS WELL. 9. ___________ – ABNORMAL DIVISION OF CELLS IN THE CERVIX, MAY BE CAUSED BY HPV OR OTHER STD’S.

E. KEEPING THE FEMALE SYSTEM HEALTHY. • ANNUAL EXAMS 1. PROPER USE OF PRODUCTS LIKE TAMPONS OR PADS. 2. PROPER WIPING AFTER USING THE RESTROOM. 3. WASHING ON A DAILY BASIS. 4. PROPER EXERCISE AND DIETING. 5. YEARLY EXAMS WITH YOUR DOCTOR. • BREAST CANCER 1. 77% OF THE TIME OCCURS IN FEMALES 50 AND OLDER. 2. FINDING IT EARLY IS THE KEY TO SURVIVING. 3. A MONTHLY SELF EXAM AND YEARLY DOCTOR PHYSICALS ARE VERY IMPORTANT FOR DETECTION EARLY. (LUMPS)

E. KEEPING THE FEMALE SYSTEM HEALTHY. • ANNUAL EXAMS 1. PROPER USE OF PRODUCTS LIKE TAMPONS OR PADS. 2. PROPER WIPING AFTER USING THE RESTROOM. 3. WASHING ON A DAILY BASIS. 4. PROPER EXERCISE AND DIETING. 5. YEARLY EXAMS WITH YOUR DOCTOR. • BREAST CANCER 1. _____% OF THE TIME OCCURS IN FEMALES 50 AND OLDER. 2. FINDING IT EARLY IS THE KEY TO SURVIVING. 3. A MONTHLY SELF EXAM AND YEARLY DOCTOR PHYSICALS ARE VERY IMPORTANT FOR DETECTION EARLY. (LUMPS)

IMAGE OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

IMAGE OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

CHAPTER 18 SECTION 3: PREGNANCY & EARLY DEVELOPMENT HOW DOES LIFE BEGIN? HOW DOES THE FETUS DEVELOP? 1. ________ – THE UNITING OF SPERM AND AN EGG. 2. NORMALLY OCCURS IN THE ____________. 3. FERTILIZED EGG DIVIDES INTO MANY CELLS. 4. EMBRYO THEN ATTACHES TO THE __________ WALL. 5. ______ PROVIDES CHILD WITH NUTRIENTS AND OXYGEN. 1. 1 ST TRIMESTER: EMBRYO IS __ INCH LONG AT __ WEEKS, AT THIS TIME THE EYELIDS, NOSE, AND EARS ARE FORMING. 2. 2 ND TRIMESTER: AT WEEK ___ THE FETUS IS __-__ INCHES LONG, WEIGHS AROUND __ OUNCES, AND THE FETUS CAN YAWN, STRETCH, AND HAVE FACIAL EXPRESSIONS. 3. 3 RD TRIMESTER: AT ____ WEEKS THE FETUS IS ___ INCHES LONG, WEIGHS AROUND __ POUNDS, HAS A LAYER OF FAT, AND OPEN EYES.

CHAPTER 18 SECTION 3: PREGNANCY & EARLY DEVELOPMENT HOW DOES LIFE BEGIN? HOW DOES THE FETUS DEVELOP? 1. FERTILIZATION – THE UNITING OF SPERM AND AN EGG. 2. NORMALLY OCCURS IN THE FALLOPIAN TUBE. 3. FERTILIZED EGG DIVIDES INTO MANY CELLS. 4. EMBRYO THEN ATTACHES TO THE UTERINE WALL. 5. PLACENTA PROVIDES CHILD WITH NUTRIENTS AND OXYGEN. 1. 1 ST TRIMESTER: EMBRYO IS 1 INCH LONG AT 6 WEEKS, AT THIS TIME THE EYELIDS, NOSE, AND EARS ARE FORMING. 2. 2 ND TRIMESTER: AT WEEK 16 THE FETUS IS 5 -6 INCHES LONG, WEIGHS AROUND 5 OUNCES, AND THE FETUS CAN YAWN, STRETCH, AND HAVE FACIAL EXPRESSIONS. 3. 3 RD TRIMESTER: AT 32 WEEKS THE FETUS IS 20 INCHES LONG, WEIGHS AROUND 5 POUNDS, HAS A LAYER OF FAT, AND OPEN EYES.

KEEPING HEALTHY BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY. 1. AVOID DRUGS, ALCOHOL, AND TOBACCO. 2. EAT A NUTRITIOUS DIET. 3. TAKE PRENATAL VITAMINS. 4. REGULAR TO MODERATE EXERCISE IS RECOMMENDED. 5. ROUTINE DOCTOR VISITS. PRENATAL CARE DURING PREGNANCY. 1. REGULAR DOCTOR VISITS. 2. TAKE PRENATAL VITAMINS. 3. SEVERAL TESTS DONE TO MAKE SURE ALL IS GOING WELL. PROBLEMS DURING PREGNANCY. * FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (FAS) – BIRTH DEFECTS FROM A MOTHER DRINKING DURING PREGNANCY. * MISCARRIAGE – DEATH OF FETUS FROM NATURAL COMPLICATIONS BEFORE THE 20 TH WEEK OF PREGNANCY. * ECTOPIC PREGNANCY – IMPLANTING THE EGG INTO THE FALLOPIAN TUBE. * TOXEMIA – MEDICAL PROBLEM WITH UNKNOWN CAUSE, BUT COMMON IN PREGNANT TEENS. MAY BE RELATED TO PLACENTA OR HORMONES. * GESTATIONAL DIABETES – DIABETES DURING PREGNANCY.

KEEPING HEALTHY BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY. 1. AVOID DRUGS, ALCOHOL, AND TOBACCO. 2. EAT A NUTRITIOUS DIET. 3. TAKE PRENATAL VITAMINS. 4. REGULAR TO MODERATE EXERCISE IS RECOMMENDED. 5. ROUTINE DOCTOR VISITS. PRENATAL CARE DURING PREGNANCY. 1. REGULAR DOCTOR VISITS. 2. TAKE PRENATAL VITAMINS. 3. SEVERAL TESTS DONE TO MAKE SURE ALL IS GOING WELL. PROBLEMS DURING PREGNANCY. * ____________ (FAS) – BIRTH DEFECTS FROM A MOTHER DRINKING DURING PREGNANCY. * ________ – DEATH OF FETUS FROM NATURAL COMPLICATIONS BEFORE THE 20 TH WEEK OF PREGNANCY. * ___________ – IMPLANTING THE EGG INTO THE FALLOPIAN TUBE. * ____ – MEDICAL PROBLEM WITH UNKNOWN CAUSE, BUT COMMON IN PREGNANT TEENS. MAY BE RELATED TO PLACENTA OR HORMONES. * ________________ – DIABETES DURING PREGNANCY.

* RH INCOMPATIBILITY – WHERE THE MOTHER’S BLOOD IS NOT COMPATIBLE WITH THE BABY’S BLOOD. * PREMATURE BIRTH – EARLY BIRTH DUE TO ABNORMAL UTERUS, BLEEDING BEHIND THE PLACENTA, STD’S, ETC… STAGES OF CHILDBIRTH * DIALATION – UTERUS CONTRACTS, CERVIX DIALATES TO 10 CM, AND THE WATER BREAKS. * EXPULSION – HEAD AND SHOULDERS EMERGE AND ROTATE AND THE VAGINA OPENS MORE. * PLACENTAL – THE AFTERBIRTHIS EXPELLED FROM THE MOTHER ALONG WITH THE UMBILICAL CORD. * TYPES OF BIRTH – NATURAL AND C-SECTION (CESAREAN), A CESAREAN BIRTH IS WHEN THE DOCTOR MUST CUT THROUGH THE UTERUS AND BRING THE BABY OUT.

* ___ INCOMPATIBILITY – WHERE THE MOTHER’S BLOOD IS NOT COMPATIBLE WITH THE BABY’S BLOOD. * ____________ – EARLY BIRTH DUE TO ABNORMAL UTERUS, BLEEDING BEHIND THE PLACENTA, STD’S, ETC… STAGES OF CHILDBIRTH * _____ – UTERUS CONTRACTS, CERVIX DIALATES TO 10 CM, AND THE WATER BREAKS. * ______ – HEAD AND SHOULDERS EMERGE AND ROTATE AND THE VAGINA OPENS MORE. * ______ – THE AFTERBIRTHIS EXPELLED FROM THE MOTHER ALONG WITH THE UMBILICAL CORD. * TYPES OF BIRTH – NATURAL AND C-SECTION (CESAREAN), A CESAREAN BIRTH IS WHEN THE DOCTOR MUST CUT THROUGH THE UTERUS AND BRING THE BABY OUT.

STAGES OF CHILDBIRTH

STAGES OF CHILDBIRTH